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@ARTICLE{Schlr:849936,
      author       = {Schlör, H. and Venghaus, S. and Zapp, P. and Marx, J. and
                      Schreiber, A. and Hake, J.-Fr.},
      title        = {{T}he energy-mineral-society nexus – {A} social {LCA}
                      model},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {228},
      number       = {2018},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-04031},
      pages        = {999 - 1008},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Renewable energy technologies such as direct-drive wind
                      turbines based on permanent magnets need non-renewable
                      resources such as rare earth minerals. The analysis of this
                      nexus requires a better understanding of the complex
                      interactions not only between these two sectors, but also
                      between the natural environment and human society,
                      characterized as the energy-mineral-society nexus (EMS
                      nexus). The EMS nexus is analysed using an extended social
                      life cycle assessment (sLCA) model and scenario approach.
                      For this new social LCA the Social Hotspots Database (SHDB)
                      is used to analyse rare earth production in Australia,
                      Malaysia (Mount Weld process), USA (Mountain Pass process
                      II), and China (Bayan Obo process).On the basis of the
                      Social Hotspots Database (SHDB), the sLCA model allows to
                      determine the social footprint of the production of rare
                      earth elements based permanent magnets for 2012. Furthermore
                      the social LCA model approach also enables a new
                      interpretation of the societal life cycle costing (sLCC).
                      The social risks are monetized for the three rare earth
                      production chains. By integrating the Human Development
                      Index (HDI), the new approach allows a novel scenario
                      estimation of the social footprint and the social risk
                      intensity for the three rare earth production sites.In
                      addition to the scientific contribution, the results provide
                      a central input for the public discussion about corporate
                      social compliance, according to which companies try to
                      improve the social standards along their global value chains
                      in line with the social accountability 8000 (SA8000)
                      standard.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000447479400080},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.048},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/849936},
}