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@ARTICLE{Fromm:851107,
      author       = {Fromm, Olga and Heckmann, Andreas and Rodehorst, Uta C. and
                      Frerichs, Joop and Becker, Dina and Winter, Martin and
                      Placke, Tobias},
      title        = {{C}arbons from biomass precursors as anode materials for
                      lithium ion batteries: {N}ew insights into carbonization and
                      graphitization behavior and into their correlation to
                      electrochemical performance},
      journal      = {Carbon},
      volume       = {128},
      issn         = {0008-6223},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-04809},
      pages        = {147 - 163},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {We report a comprehensive and systematic study on the
                      preparation and characterization of carbonaceous materials
                      that are obtained from five different sustainable precursor
                      materials and petroleum coke as reference material,
                      particularly focusing on the correlation between the
                      structural transformation of the precursors into carbons in
                      dependence of heat treatment temperature (HTT) and their
                      corresponding electrochemical characteristics as anode
                      material in lithium ion batteries. The carbons were
                      carbonized and graphitized in 200 °C steps, covering a
                      broad temperature range from 800 °C to 2800 °C. So far,
                      such a systematic synthesis approach has not been reported
                      in literature. For biomass-derived carbons, we found a
                      heterogeneous (discontinuous) graphitization process, i.e. a
                      transformation from the amorphous to the graphitic phase via
                      the turbostratic phase. A general trend was observed for the
                      discharge capacity, i.e. a decrease of capacity from 800 °C
                      to ≈1800–2000 °C, followed by an increase of capacity
                      for temperatures >2000 °C. An increase of the 1st cyle
                      Coulombic efficiency was found and could be directly
                      correlated to the decrease of the “non-basal plane”
                      surface area upon HTT. In addition, we found that the
                      voltage efficiency and energy efficiency of the different
                      carbons also increase with rising treatment temperatures.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000418479900018},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.carbon.2017.11.065},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/851107},
}