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@ARTICLE{Holtstiege:851135,
      author       = {Holtstiege, Florian and Wilken, Andrea and Winter, Martin
                      and Placke, Tobias},
      title        = {{R}unning out of lithium? {A} route to differentiate
                      between capacity losses and active lithium losses in
                      lithium-ion batteries},
      journal      = {Physical chemistry, chemical physics},
      volume       = {19},
      number       = {38},
      issn         = {1463-9076},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {RSC Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-04837},
      pages        = {25905 - 25918},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Active lithium loss (ALL) resulting in a capacity loss
                      (QALL), which is caused by lithium consuming parasitic
                      reactions like SEI formation, is a major reason for capacity
                      fading and, thus, for a reduction of the usable energy
                      density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). QALL is often
                      equated with the accumulated irreversible capacity (QAIC).
                      However, QAIC is also influenced by non-lithium consuming
                      parasitic reactions, which do not reduce the active lithium
                      content of the cell, but induce a parasitic current. In this
                      work, a novel approach is proposed in order to differentiate
                      between QAIC and QALL. The determination of QALL is based on
                      the remaining active lithium content of a given cell, which
                      can be determined by de-lithiation of the cathode with the
                      help of the reference electrode of a three-electrode set-up.
                      Lithium non-consuming parasitic reactions, which do not
                      influence the active lithium content have no influence on
                      this determination. In order to evaluate this novel
                      approach, three different anode materials (graphite, carbon
                      spheres and a silicon/graphite composite) were investigated.
                      It is shown that during the first charge/discharge cycles
                      QALL is described moderately well by QAIC. However, the
                      difference between QAIC and QALL rises with increasing cycle
                      number. With this approach, a differentiation between
                      “simple” irreversible capacities and truly detrimental
                      “active Li losses” is possible and, thus, Coulombic
                      efficiency can be directly related to the remaining useable
                      cell capacity for the first time. Overall, the exact
                      determination of the remaining active lithium content of the
                      cell is of great importance, because it allows a statement
                      on whether the reduction in lithium content is crucial for
                      capacity fading or whether the fading is related to other
                      degradation mechanisms such as material or electrode
                      failure.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:28926044},
      UT           = {WOS:000412275200011},
      doi          = {10.1039/C7CP05405J},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/851135},
}