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@ARTICLE{Bender:852504,
      author       = {Bender, Guido and Carmo, Marcelo and Smolinka, Tom and
                      Gago, Aldo and Danilovic, Nemanja and Müller, Martin and
                      Ganci, Fabrizio and Fallisch, Arne and Lettenmeier, Philipp
                      and Friedrich, Andreas and Ayer, Kathy and Pivovar, Brian
                      and Mergel, Jürgen and Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{I}nitial {A}pproaches in {B}enchmarking and {R}ound
                      {R}obin {T}esting for {P}roton {E}xchange {M}embrane {W}ater
                      {E}lectrolyzers},
      journal      = {International journal of hydrogen energy},
      volume       = {44},
      number       = {18},
      issn         = {0360-3199},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-05432},
      pages        = {9174 - 9187},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {As ever-increasing amounts of renewable electricity enter
                      the energy supply mix on a regional, national and
                      international basis, greater emphasis is being placed on
                      energy conversion and storage technologies to deal with the
                      oscillations, excess and lack of electricity. Hydrogen
                      generation via proton exchange membrane water electrolysis
                      (PEMWE) is one technology that offers a pathway to store
                      large amounts of electricity in the form of hydrogen. The
                      challenges to widespread adoption of PEM water electrolyzers
                      lie in their high capital and operating costs which both
                      need to be reduced through $R\&D.$ An evaluation of reported
                      PEMWE performance data in the literature reveals that there
                      are excessive variations of in situ performance results that
                      make it difficult to draw conclusions on the pathway forward
                      to performance optimization and future $R\&D$ directions. To
                      enable the meaningful comparison of in situ performance
                      evaluation across laboratories there is an obvious need for
                      standardization of materials and testing protocols. Herein,
                      we address this need by reporting the results of a round
                      robin test effort conducted at the laboratories of five
                      contributors to the IEA Electrolysis Annex 30. For this
                      effort a method and equipment framework were first developed
                      and then verified with respect to its feasibility for
                      measuring water electrolysis performance accurately across
                      the various laboratories. The effort utilized identical sets
                      of test articles, materials, and test cells, and employed a
                      set of shared test protocols. It further defined a minimum
                      skeleton of requirements for the test station equipment. The
                      maximum observed deviation between laboratories at 1 A
                      cm−2 at cell temperatures of 60 °C and 80 °C was 27 and
                      20 mV, respectively. The deviation of the results from
                      laboratory to laboratory was 2–3 times higher than the
                      lowest deviation observed at one single lab and test
                      station. However, the highest deviations observed were
                      one-tenth of those extracted by a literature survey on
                      similar material sets. The work endorses the urgent need to
                      identify one or more reference sets of materials in addition
                      to the method and equipment framework introduced here, to
                      enable accurate comparison of results across the entire
                      community. The results further imply that cell temperature
                      control appears to be the most significant source of
                      deviation between results, and that care must be taken with
                      respect to break-in conditions and cell electrical
                      connections for meaningful performance data.},
      cin          = {IEK-3 / IEK-14},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129},
      pnm          = {134 - Electrolysis and Hydrogen (POF3-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000464296600004},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.074},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/852504},
}