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@ARTICLE{Klein:852583,
      author       = {Klein, F. and Wegener, T. and Litnovsky, A. and Rasinski,
                      M. and Tan, X. Y. and Gonzalez-Julian, J. and Schmitz, J.
                      and Bram, M. and Coenen, J. W. and Linsmeier, Ch.},
      title        = {{O}xidation resistance of bulk plasma-facing tungsten
                      alloys},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {15},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-05495},
      pages        = {226 - 231},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Tungsten (W) currently is the main candidate as
                      plasma-facing armour material for the first wall of future
                      fusion reactors, like DEMO. Advantages of W include a high
                      melting point, high thermal conductivity, low tritium
                      retention, and low erosion yield. However, in case of an
                      accident, air ingress into the vacuum vessel can occur and
                      the temperature of the first wall can reach 1200 K to 1450 K
                      due to nuclear decay heat. In the absence of cooling, the
                      temperature will remain in that range for several weeks. At
                      these temperatures the radioactive tungsten oxide
                      volatilizes. Therefore, ‘smart’ W alloys are developed
                      that aim to preserve the properties of W during plasma
                      operation coupled with suppressed tungsten oxide formation
                      in case of an accident.This study focusses on oxidation
                      studies at 1273 K of samples produced by mechanical alloying
                      followed by field assisted sintering. In a first step the
                      sintering is optimized for tungsten (W) – chromium (Cr)
                      -yttrium (Y) alloys. It is shown that the best oxidation
                      resistance is achieved with submicron grain sizes. This
                      yields a closed, protective oxide layer. In a second step
                      the influence of the grinding process during sample
                      preparation is analysed. It is shown that scratches initiate
                      failure of the protective oxide. In a third step the
                      oxidation and sublimation is measured for weeks – for the
                      first time the sublimation is directly measured in order to
                      determine the potential hazard in comparison to pure W. It
                      is shown that the oxidation is suppressed in comparison to
                      pure W. However, sublimation at a rate ofstarts after a few
                      days. Nevertheless, the progess in smart alloys is evident:
                      sublimation is delayed by about two days and complete
                      mechanical destruction of the first wall is avoided.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000435611400038},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2018.05.003},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/852583},
}