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@ARTICLE{Schfer:856139,
      author       = {Schäfer, Benjamin and Beck, Christian and Aihara, Kazuyuki
                      and Witthaut, Dirk and Timme, Marc},
      title        = {{N}on-{G}aussian power grid frequency fluctuations
                      characterized by {L}évy-stable laws and superstatistics},
      journal      = {Nature energy},
      volume       = {3},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2058-7546},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-05781},
      pages        = {119 - 126},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Multiple types of fluctuations impact the collective
                      dynamics of power grids and thus challenge their robust
                      operation. Fluctuations result from processes as different
                      as dynamically changing demands, energy trading and an
                      increasing share of renewable power feed-in. Here we analyse
                      principles underlying the dynamics and statistics of power
                      grid frequency fluctuations. Considering frequency time
                      series for a range of power grids, including grids in North
                      America, Japan and Europe, we find a strong deviation from
                      Gaussianity best described as Lévy-stable and q-Gaussian
                      distributions. We present a coarse framework to analytically
                      characterize the impact of arbitrary noise distributions, as
                      well as a superstatistical approach that systematically
                      interprets heavy tails and skewed distributions. We identify
                      energy trading as a substantial contribution to today’s
                      frequency fluctuations and effective damping of the grid as
                      a controlling factor enabling reduction of fluctuation
                      risks, with enhanced effects for small power grids.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {330},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153) / CoNDyNet
                      - Kollektive Nichtlineare Dynamik Komplexer Stromnetze
                      $(PIK_082017)$ / VH-NG-1025 - Helmholtz Young Investigators
                      Group "Efficiency, Emergence and Economics of future supply
                      networks" $(VH-NG-1025_20112014)$},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153 / $G:(Grant)PIK_082017$ /
                      $G:(HGF)VH-NG-1025_20112014$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000425866500012},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41560-017-0058-z},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/856139},
}