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000856430 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSimon, Paul$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000856430 245__ $$aFirst Evidence of Octacalcium Phosphate@Osteocalcin Nanocomplex as Skeletal Bone Component Directing Collagen Triple–Helix Nanofibril Mineralization
000856430 260__ $$a[London]$$bMacmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature$$c2018
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000856430 520__ $$aTibia trabeculae and vertebrae of rats as well as human femur were investigated by high-resolution TEM at the atomic scale in order to reveal snapshots of the morphogenetic processes of local bone ultrastructure formation. By taking into account reflections of hydroxyapatite for Fourier filtering the appearance of individual alpha–chains within the triple–helix clearly shows that bone bears the feature of an intergrowth composite structure extending from the atomic to the nanoscale, thus representing a molecular composite of collagen and apatite. Careful Fourier analysis reveals that the non–collagenous protein osteocalcin is present directly combined with octacalcium phosphate. Besides single spherical specimen of about 2 nm in diameter, osteocalcin is spread between and over collagen fibrils and is often observed as pearl necklace strings. In high-resolution TEM, the three binding sites of the γ-carboxylated glutamic acid groups of the mineralized osteocalcin were successfully imaged, which provide the chemical binding to octacalcium phosphate. Osteocalcin is attached to the collagen structure and interacts with the Ca–sites on the (100) dominated hydroxyapatite platelets with Ca-Ca distances of about 9.5 Å. Thus, osteocalcin takes on the functions of Ca–ion transport and suppression of hydroxyapatite expansion.
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000856430 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)145209$$aGrüner, Daniel$$b1
000856430 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWorch, Hartmut$$b2
000856430 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPompe, Wolfgang$$b3
000856430 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLichte, Hannes$$b4
000856430 7001_ $$00000-0002-1187-8578$$aEl Khassawna, Thaqif$$b5
000856430 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHeiss, Christian$$b6
000856430 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWenisch, Sabine$$b7
000856430 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKniep, Rüdiger$$b8
000856430 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2615211-3$$a10.1038/s41598-018-31983-5$$gVol. 8, no. 1, p. 13696$$n1$$p13696$$tScientific reports$$v8$$x2045-2322$$y2018
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