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@ARTICLE{Fischer:856464,
      author       = {Fischer, T. and Kuhn, B.},
      title        = {{I}nfluence of {S}team {A}tmosphere on the{C}crack
                      {P}ropagation {B}ehavior of a $9–12\%$ {C}r
                      {F}erritic/{M}artensitic {S}teel at {T}emperatures from
                      300 °{C} to 600 °{C} {D}epending on {F}requency and
                      {H}old {T}ime},
      journal      = {International journal of fatigue},
      volume       = {119},
      issn         = {0142-1123},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-05858},
      pages        = {62 - 77},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {This paper deals with the influence of steam atmosphere on
                      the crack propagation behavior in the ferritic/martensitic
                      steel X20CrMoV12-1 depending on frequency (or hold time) and
                      temperature with a focus on the temperature range from
                      300 °C to 600 °C, which is most important for flexibly
                      operated power plants. Modern conventional power plants must
                      be able to compensate fluctuations in residual load, caused
                      by renewable energy sources. This results in higher numbers
                      of start-up and shut-down cycles and therefore in more
                      damaging loading scenarios than in the past. Due to the ever
                      shorter operating time at constant high temperature, the
                      importance of creep damage decreases, while fatigue damage
                      gains in importance. Furthermore probable interactions of
                      fatigue damage and steam atmosphere have to be considered.
                      For this reason the influence of steam on the crack
                      propagation behavior in X20 was investigated in detail.
                      Steam oxidation strongly depends on temperature and time,
                      i.e. on fatigue testing frequency and temperature. The
                      effect of steam on crack propagation behavior was found to
                      be not generally detrimental (for R = 0.1). Experiments
                      with 3.33 × 10−3 Hz (300 s hold time) in the
                      temperature range from 400 °C to 550 °C yielded
                      significantly higher ΔK values to start crack propagation
                      in comparison to experiments performed in air. In the
                      temperature range from 300 °C to 550 °C the crack
                      growth rate under steam atmosphere in the worst case
                      corresponds to that measured in air, while in the best case
                      it was found to be lower. Generally crack propagation in
                      steam atmosphere was found to be accelerated at increased
                      testing frequency (5 Hz, 20 Hz) starting from 500 °C
                      up to higher temperature.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000451362300007},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.09.012},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/856464},
}