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@ARTICLE{Fischer:856465,
      author       = {Fischer, T. and Kuhn, B.},
      title        = {{F}requency and {H}old {T}ime {I}nfluence on {C}rack
                      {G}rowth {B}ehavior of a $9–12\%$ {C}r {F}erritic
                      {M}artensitic {S}teel at {T}emperatures {F}rom 300 °{C}
                      to 600 °{C} in air},
      journal      = {International journal of fatigue},
      volume       = {112},
      issn         = {0142-1123},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-05859},
      pages        = {165 - 172},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Due to an increase of renewable energies proportion, e.g.
                      wind power and photovoltaics, which cannot supply energy
                      constantly, modern power plants must be able to be operated
                      flexibly in order to compensate the residual load. As a
                      consequence of increasing alternating load, fatigue damage
                      becomes more and more important, while creep damage caused
                      by ever shorter holding times at high operating temperature
                      decreases. In this study a turbine bypass valve, one of the
                      most fatigue loaded power plant components, manufactured
                      from widespread standard $12\%$ Cr ferritic/martensitic
                      steel X20 was investigated. Fatigue crack growth experiments
                      showed that the crack growth rate increases slightly with
                      decreasing frequency (20 Hz → 5 Hz). In hold time
                      tests (300 s → 600 s, effective frequency
                      3.33 × 10−3 Hz → 8.33 × 10−4), larger
                      crack propagation rates per cycle occur than in the fatigue
                      crack growth experiments with 5 and 20 Hz. In comparison
                      to pure cyclic loading maximum load holding time further
                      required significantly higher ΔK values to start crack
                      growth.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000432645700016},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.03.012},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/856465},
}