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@ARTICLE{Scheepers:856643,
      author       = {Scheepers, Fabian and Stähler, Andrea and Stähler, Markus
                      and Carmo, Marcelo and Lehnert, Werner and Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{S}teering and {I}n-situ {M}onitoring of {D}rying
                      {P}henomena during {F}ilm {F}abrication},
      journal      = {Journal of coatings technology and research},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0361-8773},
      address      = {Blue Bell, Pa.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-06008},
      pages        = {1213-1221},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {During film fabrication, the phenomena of crack formation
                      and delamination are often observed, dramatically hindering
                      the discovery and characterization of new materials for
                      energy applications. In this work, we report on a novel
                      approach to fully steer the drying parameters or “knobs”
                      that are commonly used during electrode manufacture. It
                      allows us to precisely in situ control and monitor the
                      solvent-specific evaporation rates that affect the
                      development of suspension composition during drying. We
                      managed to control the capillary stress inside the layer by
                      precisely controlling the selectivity of solvent
                      evaporation. Large cracks result when the surface tension
                      increases over time and layer delamination occurs. When
                      using an n-propanol/water system, critical crack formation
                      is achieved when water is enriched by decreasing the gas
                      exchange during drying or preloading the gas phase with
                      water vapor. High gas exchange rates inhibit the water’s
                      enrichment, and therefore, only small surface cracks
                      develop. The experiments also surprisingly indicate that the
                      drying temperature has no significant effect on crack
                      formation. These results are of fundamental meaning for the
                      future development of electrodes as the drying step has a
                      high impact on the products specification and now can be
                      ultimately controlled. The future development of electrodes
                      will surely benefit from this achievement in the controlled
                      fabrication of films for a variety of applications.},
      cin          = {IEK-14},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000482443500001},
      doi          = {10.1007/s11998-019-00206-5},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/856643},
}