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@ARTICLE{Brunamonti:857198,
      author       = {Brunamonti, Simone and Jorge, Teresa and Oelsner, Peter and
                      Hanumanthu, Sreeharsha and Singh, Bhupendra B. and Kumar, K.
                      Ravi and Sonbawne, Sunil and Meier, Susanne and Singh,
                      Deepak and Wienhold, Frank G. and Luo, Bei Ping and
                      Boettcher, Maxi and Poltera, Yann and Jauhiainen, Hannu and
                      Kayastha, Rijan and Karmacharya, Jagadishwor and Dirksen,
                      Ruud and Naja, Manish and Rex, Markus and Fadnavis, Suvarna
                      and Peter, Thomas},
      title        = {{B}alloon-borne measurements of temperature, water vapor,
                      ozone and aerosol backscatter on the southern slopes of the
                      {H}imalayas during {S}trato{C}lim 2016–2017},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {18},
      number       = {21},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-06435},
      pages        = {15937 - 15957},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) is a major
                      meteorological system of the upper troposphere–lower
                      stratosphere (UTLS) during boreal summer. It is known to
                      contain enhanced tropospheric trace gases and aerosols, due
                      to rapid lifting from the boundary layer by deep convection
                      and subsequent horizontal confinement. Given its dynamical
                      structure, the ASMA represents an efficient pathway for the
                      transport of pollutants to the global stratosphere. A
                      detailed understanding of the thermal structure and
                      processes in the ASMA requires accurate in situ
                      measurements. Within the StratoClim project we performed
                      state-of-the-art balloon-borne measurements of temperature,
                      water vapor, ozone and aerosol backscatter from two stations
                      on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. In total, 63
                      balloon soundings were conducted during two extensive
                      monsoon-season campaigns, in August 2016 in Nainital, India
                      (29.4°N, 79.5°E), and in July–August 2017 in Dhulikhel,
                      Nepal (27.6°N, 85.5°E); one shorter post-monsoon campaign
                      was also carried out in November 2016 in Nainital. These
                      measurements provide unprecedented insights into the UTLS
                      thermal structure, the vertical distributions of water
                      vapor, ozone and aerosols, cirrus cloud properties and
                      interannual variability in the ASMA. Here we provide an
                      overview of all of the data collected during the three
                      campaign periods, with focus on the UTLS region and the
                      monsoon season. We analyze the vertical structure of the
                      ASMA in terms of significant levels and layers, identified
                      from the temperature and potential temperature lapse rates
                      and Lagrangian backward trajectories, which provides a
                      framework for relating the measurements to local
                      thermodynamic properties and the large-scale anticyclonic
                      flow. Both the monsoon-season campaigns show evidence of
                      deep convection and confinement extending up to 1.5–2km
                      above the cold-point tropopause (CPT), yielding a body of
                      air with high water vapor and low ozone which is prone to
                      being lifted further and mixed into the free stratosphere.
                      Enhanced aerosol backscatter also reveals the signature of
                      the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) over the same
                      region of altitudes. The Dhulikhel 2017 campaign was
                      characterized by a 5K colder CPT on average than in Nainital
                      2016 and a local water vapor maximum in the confined lower
                      stratosphere, about 1km above the CPT. Data assessment and
                      modeling studies are currently ongoing with the aim of fully
                      exploring this dataset and its implications with respect to
                      stratospheric moistening via the ASMA system and related
                      processes.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000449479800003},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-18-15937-2018},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/857198},
}