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@ARTICLE{Sun:857552,
      author       = {Sun, Ruoheng and Jakes, Peter and Taranenko, Svitlana and
                      Kungl, Hans and Eichel, Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{M}onitoring the reaction between lithium manganese spinel
                      and {L}i2{M}n{O}3 during heat treatment using {E}lectron
                      {P}aramagnetic {R}esonance ({EPR}) spectroscopy},
      journal      = {Solid state ionics},
      volume       = {325},
      issn         = {0167-2738},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-06543},
      pages        = {201 - 208},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The composition of lithium manganese spinel Li1+xMn2−xO4
                      (LMO) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries is very
                      sensitive with respect to temperature conditions during
                      processing. Elevated calcination temperatures promote the
                      formation of Li2MnO3 secondary phase in addition to the
                      spinel phase. Under heat treatments at lower temperature
                      secondary-phase Li2MnO3 can react with the LMO spinel main
                      phase and form a new spinel phase with higher Li-content.
                      This solid state reaction has been observed but its kinetic
                      behavior has not been investigated. An experimental approach
                      to monitor the change of Li2MnO3 amount during heat
                      treatment on lithium manganese spinel materials is addressed
                      by implementing Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
                      spectroscopy. It is shown that for materials prepared
                      initially at 1073 K, the reaction occurs from 673 K to
                      973 K and it is active between interface of spinel and
                      Li2MnO3. The Li2MnO3 amounts after varied heating
                      temperatures and holding times were quantified and analyzed.
                      The reaction kinetics, based on a quantitative analysis of
                      the EPR resonances, are discussed by using pseudofirst-order
                      and second-order rate laws. Detailed data analysis indicates
                      that the reaction follows different kinetics depending on
                      the microstructure of Li2MnO3.},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131) / HITEC -
                      Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and
                      Climate Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000449131900027},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ssi.2018.08.012},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/857552},
}