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@ARTICLE{Yoshimura:857678,
      author       = {Yoshimura, Kimio and Zhao, Yue and Hiroki, Akihiro and
                      Kishiyama, Yoshihiro and Shishitani, Hideyuki and Yamaguchi,
                      Susumu and Tanaka, Hirohisa and Koizumi, Satoshi and
                      Houston, Judith E. and Radulescu, Aurel and Appavou,
                      Marie-Sousai and Richter, Dieter and Maekawa, Yasunari},
      title        = {{R}everse relationships of water uptake and alkaline
                      durability with hydrophilicity of imidazolium-based grafted
                      anion-exchange membranes},
      journal      = {Soft matter},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {45},
      issn         = {1744-6848},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Royal Soc. of Chemistry},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-06654},
      pages        = {9118 - 9131},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {We found unprecedented reverse relationships in
                      anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) for Pt-free alkaline fuel
                      cell systems, i.e., the increase in hydrophobicity increased
                      water uptake and susceptibility to hydrolysis. AEMs with
                      graft copolymers that composed of anion-conducting
                      2-methyl-N-vinylimidazolium (Im) and hydrophobic styrene
                      (St) units were employed. We characterized two new
                      structures in these AEMs using a small-angle neutron
                      scattering with a contrast variation method. (1) The
                      distribution of graft polymers in conducting (ion channel)
                      or non-conducting (hydrophobic amorphous
                      poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE)) phase was
                      evaluated in a quantitative manner. High fraction in
                      conducting layer for AEMs having high grafting degrees was
                      found using the proposed structural model of
                      “conducting/non-conducting two-phase system”. (2)
                      Assuming a hard-sphere fluid model, we found AEMs having
                      high St contents and low alkaline durability possessed
                      nanophase-separated water puddles with diameters of 3–4
                      nm. The AEM having a low St content and the best alkaline
                      durability did not show evident nanophase separation. The
                      above hierarchical structures elucidate the unexpected
                      reverse relationships that the AEM having highly hydrophobic
                      graft polymers was subjected to the morphological transition
                      to give water puddles at nanoscale. The imidazolium groups
                      that were located at the boundary between graft polymers and
                      water puddles should be susceptible to hydrolysis.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1 / JCNS-2 / MLZ},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-2-20110106 /
                      I:(DE-588b)4597118-3},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:30234879},
      UT           = {WOS:000451077300023},
      doi          = {10.1039/C8SM01650J},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/857678},
}