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@ARTICLE{Kang:857907,
      author       = {Kang, Min-Jee and Chun, Hye-Yeong and Kim, Young-Ha and
                      Preusse, Peter and Ern, Manfred},
      title        = {{M}omentum {F}lux of {C}onvective {G}ravity {W}aves
                      {D}erived from an {O}ffline {G}ravity {W}ave
                      {P}arameterization. {P}art {II}: {I}mpacts on the
                      {Q}uasi-{B}iennial {O}scillation},
      journal      = {Journal of the atmospheric sciences},
      volume       = {75},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {1520-0469},
      address      = {Boston, Mass.},
      publisher    = {American Meteorological Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-06861},
      pages        = {3753 - 3775},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The characteristics of small-scale convective gravity waves
                      (CGWs; horizontal wavelengths <100 km) and their
                      contributions to the large-scale flow in the stratosphere,
                      including the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), are
                      investigated using an offline calculation of a
                      source-dependent, physically based CGW parameterization with
                      global reanalysis data from 1979 to 2010. The CGW momentum
                      flux (CGWMF) and CGW drag (CGWD) are calculated from the
                      cloud top (source level) to the upper stratosphere using a
                      Lindzen-type wave propagation scheme. The 32-yr-mean CGWD
                      exhibits large magnitudes in the tropical upper stratosphere
                      and near the stratospheric polar night jet (~60°). The
                      maximum positive drag is 0.1 (1.5) m s−1 day−1, and the
                      maximum negative drag is −0.9 (−0.7) m s−1 day−1 in
                      January (July) between 3 and 1 hPa. In the tropics, the
                      momentum forcing by CGWs at 30 hPa associated with the QBO
                      in the westerly shear zone is 3.5–6 m s−1 month−1,
                      which is smaller than that by Kelvin waves, while that by
                      CGWs in the easterly shear zone (3.1–6 m s−1 month−1)
                      is greater than that by any other equatorial planetary waves
                      or inertio-gravity waves (inertio-GWs). Composite analyses
                      of the easterly QBO (EQBO) and westerly QBO (WQBO) phases
                      reveal that the zonal CGWMF is concentrated near 10°N and
                      that the negative (positive) CGWD extends latitudinally to
                      ±20° (±10°) at 30 hPa. The strongest (weakest) negative
                      CGWD is in March–May (September–November) during the
                      EQBO, and the strongest (weakest) positive CGWD is in
                      June–August (March–May) during the WQBO. The CGWMF and
                      CGWD are generally stronger during El Niño than during La
                      Niña in the equatorial region.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000450965500001},
      doi          = {10.1175/JAS-D-18-0094.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/857907},
}