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@ARTICLE{Zhou:858010,
      author       = {Zhou, Beckett Y. and Koh, Seong-Ryong and Gauger, Nicolas
                      R. and Meinke, Matthias and Schöder, Wolfgang},
      title        = {{A} discrete adjoint framework for trailing-edge noise
                      minimization via porous material},
      journal      = {Computers $\&$ fluids},
      volume       = {172},
      issn         = {0045-7930},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-06954},
      pages        = {97 - 108},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {A discrete adjoint framework on the basis of algorithmic
                      differentiation (AD) is developed for trailing-edge noise
                      minimization. Turbulent flow through porous media is modeled
                      based on the conservative transport equations filtered by a
                      local volume-averaging method in which the effect of the
                      porous media is modeled as viscous source terms. This
                      framework is applied to identify the optimal distribution of
                      porous material of a flat plate with a porous trailing edge
                      in subsonic flow resolved with a high resolution large-eddy
                      simulation (LES) method. The AD-based noise adjoint is shown
                      to be highly accurate and allows for efficient evaluation of
                      the entire design sensitivity vector in one stroke, at a
                      cost comparable to that of a single primal LES simulation.
                      Noise minimization is performed to determine the optimal
                      distribution of the design variables that govern the
                      porosity and permeability of the trailing edge. The optimal
                      design obtained is found to attain a maximum noise reduction
                      of 12 dB from a flat plate with solid trailing edge and 3 dB
                      from the baseline design with a linear porosity variation,
                      respectively. Comparison of noise spectra reveals that the
                      optimization has little effect on the broadband noise
                      component compared to its baseline level. The design space
                      of this optimization problem is also shown to be
                      multi-modal.},
      ddc          = {004},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF3-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2018.06.017},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/858010},
}