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@ARTICLE{Scheepers:858358,
      author       = {Scheepers, Fabian and Stähler, Andrea and Stähler, Markus
                      and Carmo, Marcelo and Lehnert, Werner and Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{L}ayer {F}ormation from {P}olymer {C}arbon-{B}lack
                      {D}ispersions},
      journal      = {Coatings},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {2079-6412},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-07245},
      pages        = {450 -},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {It has been well-established that effects such as cracking
                      are observable when wet layers are dried. In particular, the
                      layer thickness, as well as the surface tension of the
                      liquid, is responsible for this behavior. The layer
                      formation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells and electrolyzer
                      electrodes, however, has not yet been analyzed in relation
                      to these issues, even though the effect of cracks on cell
                      performance and durability has been frequently discussed. In
                      this paper, water propanol polymer-containing carbon-black
                      dispersions are analyzed in situ with regard to their
                      composition during drying. We demonstrate that crack
                      behavior can be steered by slight variations in the initial
                      dispersion when the solvent mixture is near the dynamic
                      azeotropic point. This minor adjustment may strongly affect
                      the drying behavior, leading to either propanol or
                      water-enriched liquid phases at the end of the drying
                      process. If the evaporation of the solvent results in
                      propanol enrichment, the critical layer thickness at which
                      cracks occur will be increased by about $30\%$ due to a
                      decrease in the capillary pressure. Microscopic images
                      indicate that the crack area ratio and width depend on the
                      wet layer thickness and initial liquid phase composition.
                      These results are of much value for future electrode
                      fabrication, as cracks affect electrode properties.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000455200300036},
      doi          = {10.3390/coatings8120450},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/858358},
}