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@ARTICLE{Bode:858465,
      author       = {Bode, Nikolai W. F. and Chraibi, Mohcine and Holl, Stefan},
      title        = {{T}he emergence of macroscopic interactions between
                      intersecting pedestrian streams},
      journal      = {Transportation research / B Methodological Part B},
      volume       = {119},
      issn         = {0191-2615},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-07337},
      pages        = {197 - 210},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The interactions between individual pedestrians can lead to
                      emergent effects, such as the formation of lanes in
                      bidirectional flows. Here, we expose properties of an
                      emergent effect at a macroscopic level, namely interactions
                      between pedestrian streams that arise when pedestrians walk
                      into and through four-way intersections from different
                      directions. We propose non-spatial models for the number of
                      pedestrians from different streams inside an intersection.
                      Each model encodes a different hypothesis for how streams
                      interact and can produce dynamics fundamentally distinct
                      from the other models. By fitting our models to large
                      experimental data sets and determining which model explains
                      the data best, we determine when and how entire streams of
                      pedestrians start to interact. We find that as arrival rates
                      increase, streams start to interact and compete for space.
                      Our results suggest that these interactions result in an
                      even balance of pedestrian numbers across two orthogonally
                      intersecting streams. Neither of the streams can dominate.
                      In contrast, for four intersecting streams, our findings
                      suggest that jams in some streams can coincide with higher
                      flow rates in other streams and that the relative dominance
                      of streams can switch stochastically. By adapting existing
                      methodology, we thus present a coherent conceptual approach
                      for investigating emergent effects in temporal dynamics at
                      aggregated levels in pedestrian flows that could be applied
                      to other scenarios. Our approach is flexible and uses easily
                      measured quantities, making it highly suitable for
                      observational data in different scenarios or deployment in
                      applications.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {380},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000456900900011},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.trb.2018.12.002},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/858465},
}