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@ARTICLE{Niederlnder:858998,
      author       = {Niederländer, Benjamin and P, Bluemler and Brotin, T. and
                      van Dusschoten, Dagmar and Offenhäusser, Andreas and
                      Krause, Hans-Joachim and Heil, W.},
      title        = {{O}ptimized {C}ontinuous {A}pplication of {H}yperpolarized
                      {X}enon to {F}luids},
      journal      = {The journal of physical chemistry / A},
      volume       = {122},
      number       = {48},
      issn         = {1089-5639},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-07824},
      pages        = {9359-9369},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {In recent years, NMR with hyperpolarized (HP) xenon inside
                      functionalized host structures (e.g., cryptophanes) have
                      become a potential candidate for the direct observation of
                      metabolic processes (i.e., molecular imaging). A critical
                      issue for real applications is the dissolution of the HP-gas
                      in the liquid which contains the host. In this work, we
                      present recent developments for an improved and controlled
                      dissolution of HP-Xe in liquids using hollow fiber membranes
                      and different compressor systems. The designed apparatus
                      consists of a compressor and a membrane unit. The compressor
                      provides HP-129Xe continuously at small adjustable pressures
                      and in a polarization-preserving way. The membrane unit
                      enables a molecular solution of the HP-gas in aqueous
                      liquids, avoiding the formation of bubbles or even foams.
                      Two different types of compressors were tested in terms of
                      function and useful materials. Special emphasis was put on a
                      systematic reduction of transfer losses in the gas and
                      liquid phase. In order to optimize the system parameters,
                      several physical models were developed to describe the
                      transport and the losses of nuclear polarization. Finally,
                      the successful implementation was demonstrated in several
                      experiments. HP-Xe was dissolved in an aqueous
                      cryptophane-A-(OCH2COOH)6 solution, and stable Xe signals
                      could be measured over 35 min, only limited by the size of
                      the gas reservoir. Such long and stable experimental
                      conditions enabled the study of chemical exchange of xenon
                      between cryptophane and water environments even for a
                      time-consuming 2D NMR experiment. The good signal stability
                      over the measurement time allowed an exact determination of
                      the residence time of the Xe atom inside the cryptophane,
                      resulting in an average residence time of 44.5 ± 2.7 ms.},
      cin          = {IBG-2 / ICS-8},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118 / I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-8-20110106},
      pnm          = {582 - Plant Science (POF3-582)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-582},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:30403866},
      UT           = {WOS:000452693200012},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09479},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/858998},
}