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@ARTICLE{Billig:859336,
      author       = {Billig, Eric and Decker, Maximilian and Benzinger, Walter
                      and Ketelsen, Felix and Peter, Pfeifer and Peters, Ralf and
                      Stolten, Detlef and Thrän, Daniela},
      title        = {{N}on-{F}ossil {CO}2 {R}ecycling - {T}he {T}echnical
                      {P}otential for the {P}resent and {F}uture {U}tilization for
                      {F}uels in {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Journal of CO2 utilization},
      volume       = {30},
      issn         = {2212-9820},
      address      = {Amsterdam ˜[u.a.]œ},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-00204},
      pages        = {130 - 141},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Apart from its negative effects on the climate, CO2 is also
                      a valuable resource, containing carbon – one of the most
                      used and processed elements on Earth. Today, more than
                      30 Gt of CO2 is emitted each year, with an increasing
                      tendency. Of this, the main share results from the burning
                      of fossil fuels; only a small fraction derives from
                      renewable fuels. In this study the renewable sources of CO2
                      are examined in terms of their current, near-term (2030) and
                      long-term (2050) potential. Current and potential future
                      market output is based on a literature review concerning the
                      future energy market and policy frameworks. As a reference
                      for the utilization of CO2, three promising fuel options
                      (methanol, methane and future Fischer-Tropsch fuels) are
                      investigated. Along with the production capacities, H2
                      demand for the conversion was calculated on the basis of
                      chemical process simulations. One aim of this study was to
                      provide a comprehensive overview of the expected range of
                      CO2 recycling from non-fossil sources. It was found that
                      quantities of non-fossil CO2 lie far behind fossil CO2
                      quantities $(6.8\%$ of fossil CO2 provision in 2015).
                      However, with rising demand for CO2-based products and a
                      concurrent decrease in the amount and willingness to use
                      fossil CO2, in the future non-fossil CO2 will grow in
                      importance (reaching up to $23\%$ of fossil CO2 provision in
                      2050). The study shows that CO2 from non-fossil sources is a
                      reliable and available source of carbon},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000461436500013},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jcou.2019.01.012},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/859336},
}