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@ARTICLE{Pipich:859753,
      author       = {Pipich, Vitaliy and Schlenstedt, Kornelia and Dickmann,
                      Marcel and Kasher, Roni and Meier-Haack, Jochen and
                      Hugenschmidt, Christoph and Petry, Winfried and Oren, Yoram
                      and Schwahn, Dietmar},
      title        = {{M}orphology and porous structure of standalone aromatic
                      polyamide films as used in {RO} membranes – {A}n
                      exploration with {SANS}, {PALS}, and {SEM}},
      journal      = {Journal of membrane science},
      volume       = {573},
      issn         = {0376-7388},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-00590},
      pages        = {167 - 176},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {This report presents a study about the morphology of a
                      cross-linked aromatic polyamide (PA) film in its dry and wet
                      state using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), positron
                      annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), and scanning
                      electron microscopy (SEM). PA is used as active skin layer
                      for reverse osmosis membranes and determines the selectivity
                      of the membrane with respect to water and salt molecules.
                      This selectivity of PA is largely determined from its
                      morphology. The PA film scatters the neutrons much stronger
                      and shows a different profile as expected from randomly
                      distributed nanoscopic large pores. SANS contrast variation,
                      using supercritical CO2 as contrast medium, confirms that
                      pores are the only scattering centers. The analysis shows
                      that interconnected pores of an average radius of about 16
                      Å determine the scattering. The pores are formed as a
                      network of channels showing a fractal structure. PALS
                      determines pores of ∼6 Å diameter representing the
                      diameter of such channels. The volume fraction of the pores
                      is estimated as $∼10\%$ which after water up-take
                      increases by $∼30\%$ due to slightly swelling of the
                      pores.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)
                      / 6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6215 - Soft Matter,
                      Health and Life Sciences (POF3-621)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS1-20140101 / EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS3-20140101 /
                      EXP:(DE-MLZ)NEPOMUC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000454830600018},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.055},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/859753},
}