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@ARTICLE{Seibt:859965,
      author       = {Seibt, Susanne and With, Sebastian and Bernet, Andreas and
                      Schmidt, Hans-Werner and Förster, Stephan},
      title        = {{H}ydrogelation {K}inetics {M}easured in a {M}icrofluidic
                      {D}evice with in {S}itu {X}-ray and {F}luorescence
                      {D}etection},
      journal      = {Langmuir},
      volume       = {34},
      number       = {19},
      issn         = {1520-5827},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-00771},
      pages        = {5535 - 5544},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Efficient hydrogelators will gel water fast and at low
                      concentrations. Small molecule gelling agents that assemble
                      into fibers and fiber networks are particularly effective
                      hydrogelators. Whereas it is straightforward to determine
                      their critical concentration for hydrogelation, the kinetics
                      of hydrogelation is more difficult to study because it is
                      often very fast, occurring on the subsecond time scale. We
                      used a 3D focusing microfluidic device combined with
                      fluorescence microscopy and in situ small-angle X-ray
                      scattering (SAXS) to study the fast pH-induced gelation of a
                      model small molecule gelling agent at the millisecond time
                      scale. The gelator is a 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxamide which
                      upon acidification assembles into nanofibrils and fibril
                      networks that show a characteristic photoluminescence. By
                      adjusting the flow rates, the regime of early nanofibril
                      formation and gelation could be followed along the
                      microfluidic reaction channel. The measured fluorescence
                      intensity profiles were analyzed in terms of a
                      diffusion–advection–reaction model to determine the
                      association rate constant, which is in a typical range for
                      the small molecule self-assembly. Using in situ SAXS, we
                      could determine the dimensions of the fibers that were
                      formed during the early self-assembly process. The detailed
                      structure of the fibers was subsequently determined by
                      cryotransmission electron microscopy. The study demonstrates
                      that 3D focusing microfluidic devices are a powerful means
                      to study the self-assembly on the millisecond time scale,
                      which is applied to reveal early state of hydrogelation
                      kinetics. In combination with in situ fluorescence and X-ray
                      scattering, these experiments provide detailed insights into
                      the first self-assembly steps and their reaction rates.},
      cin          = {ICS-1 / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {551 - Functional Macromolecules and Complexes (POF3-551) /
                      6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)
                      / 6215 - Soft Matter, Health and Life Sciences (POF3-621)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-551 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29583009},
      UT           = {WOS:000432417700021},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00384},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/859965},
}