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@ARTICLE{Schneider:860270,
      author       = {Schneider, Kristina and Ott, Tim M. and Schweins, Ralf and
                      Frielinghaus, Henrich and Lade, Oliver and Sottmann, Thomas},
      title        = {{P}hase {B}ehavior and {M}icrostructure of {S}ymmetric
                      {N}onionic {M}icroemulsions with {L}ong-{C}hain n -{A}lkanes
                      and {W}axes},
      journal      = {Industrial $\&$ engineering chemistry},
      volume       = {58},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {1520-5045},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Soc.79045},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-01045},
      pages        = {2583–2595},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable,
                      macroscopically isotropic mixtures of at least two
                      immiscible components and a surfactant. Their general
                      features, i.e. the complex phase behavior, the ultralow
                      interfacial tensions, and the multifarious nanostructure,
                      have been systematically elucidated in the last century.
                      However, the efficient solubilization of long-chain
                      n-alkanes and waxes, which plays a significant role in
                      enhanced oil recovery, washing, and cosmetics, remains a
                      challenge. Thus, in this work the influence of the n-alkane
                      chain length k on the phase behavior of ternary (symmetric)
                      microemulsions containing equal volumes of water and oil was
                      studied. Using n-alkanes ranging from n-dodecane
                      (C12H26)ton-dotriacontane (C32H66) and pure n-alkyl
                      polyglycol ether (CiEj) surfactants, we found that the
                      efficiency of the respective surfactant decreases linearly
                      with increasing k, while the phase inversion temperature
                      (PIT) shows a logarithmic dependence. The influence of a
                      technical wax on the phase behavior was studied by means of
                      the systems H2O−SASOLWAX 5805 (Sasol)−C16E6 yielding an
                      equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN (SASOLWAX 5805)) of
                      30.8. Finally, the pure CiEj surfactants were replaced with
                      technical grade counterparts of the Genapol series
                      (Clariant) finding that the solubilization efficiency of
                      the long-chain Genapol O 080 is comparable to the pure C16E6
                      surfactant. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) the
                      microstructure of the formulated microemulsions was studied
                      near the so-called optimum (X̃ ) point. The scattering
                      curves prove that microemulsions containing long-chain
                      n-alkanes and waxes are also bicontinuously structured at
                      the phase inversion temperature (PIT). Interestingly, a high
                      degree of structural ordering is found reflected by values
                      of the amphiphilicity factor fa ranging between −0.83 and
                      −0.87.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)
                      / 6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS1-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000459641800017},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04833},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/860270},
}