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@ARTICLE{Fortunato:860465,
      author       = {Fortunato, Gaetano and Ciaravola, Vincenzo and Furno,
                      Alessandro and Scaraggi, Michele and Lorenz, Boris and
                      Persson, Bo},
      title        = {{D}ependency of {R}ubber {F}riction on {N}ormal {F}orce or
                      {L}oad: {T}heory and {E}xperiment},
      journal      = {Tire science and technology},
      volume       = {45},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1945-5852},
      address      = {Akron, Ohio},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-01219},
      pages        = {25 - 54},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {In rubber friction studies, it is often observed that the
                      kinetic friction coefficient μ depends on the nominal
                      contact pressure p. We discuss several possible origins of
                      the pressure dependency of μ: (1) saturation of the contact
                      area (and friction force) due to high nominal squeezing
                      pressure; (2) nonlinear viscoelasticity; (3) nonrandomness
                      in the surface topography, in particular the influence of
                      the skewness of the surface roughness profile; (4) adhesion;
                      and (5) frictional heating. We show that in most cases the
                      nonlinearity in the μ(p) relation is mainly due to process
                      (5), frictional heating, that softens the rubber, increases
                      the area of contact, and (in most cases) reduces the
                      viscoelastic contribution to the friction. In fact, because
                      the temperature distribution in the rubber at time t depends
                      on the sliding history (i.e., on the earlier time t′ < t),
                      the friction coefficient at time t will also depend on the
                      sliding history, that is, it is, strictly speaking, a time
                      integral operator. The energy dissipation in the contact
                      regions between solids in sliding contact can result in high
                      local temperatures that may strongly affect the area of real
                      contact and the friction force (and the wear-rate). This is
                      the case for rubber sliding on road surfaces at speeds above
                      1 mm/s. Previously, we derived equations that described the
                      frictional heating for solids with arbitrary thermal
                      properties. Here, the theory is applied to rubber friction
                      on road surfaces. Numerical results are presented and
                      compared to experimental data. We observe good agreement
                      between the calculated and measured temperature increase.},
      cin          = {IAS-1 / PGI-1 / JARA-FIT / JARA-HPC},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-1-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-1-20110106 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080009_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)080012_20140620$},
      pnm          = {141 - Controlling Electron Charge-Based Phenomena
                      (POF3-141)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-141},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000413847000002},
      doi          = {10.2346/tire.17.450103},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/860465},
}