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@ARTICLE{Tiwari:860473,
      author       = {Tiwari, A. and Miyashita, N. and Espallargas, N. and
                      Persson, Bo},
      title        = {{R}ubber friction: {T}he contribution from the area of real
                      contact},
      journal      = {The journal of chemical physics},
      volume       = {148},
      number       = {22},
      issn         = {1089-7690},
      address      = {Melville, NY},
      publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-01227},
      pages        = {224701},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {There are two contributions to the friction force when a
                      rubber block is sliding on a hard and rough substrate
                      surface, namely, a contribution Fad = τf A from the area of
                      real contact A and a viscoelastic contribution Fvisc from
                      the pulsating forces exerted by the substrate asperities on
                      the rubber block. Here we present experimental results
                      obtained at different sliding speeds and temperatures, and
                      we show that the temperature dependency of the shear stress
                      τf, for temperatures above the rubber glass transition
                      temperature Tg, is weaker than that of the bulk viscoelastic
                      modulus. The physical origin of τf for T > Tg is discussed,
                      and we propose that its temperature dependency is determined
                      by the rubber molecule segment mobility at the sliding
                      interface, which is higher than in the bulk because of
                      increased free-volume effect due to the short-wavelength
                      surface roughness. This is consistent with the often
                      observed reduction in the glass transition temperature in
                      nanometer-thick surface layers of glassy polymers. For
                      temperatures T < Tg, the shear stress τf is nearly velocity
                      independent and of similar magnitude as observed for glassy
                      polymers such as PMMA or polyethylene. In this case, the
                      rubber undergoes plastic deformations in the asperity
                      contact regions and the contact area is determined by the
                      rubber penetration hardness. For this case, we propose that
                      the frictional shear stress is due to slip at the interface
                      between the rubber and a transfer film adsorbed on the
                      concrete surface},
      cin          = {IAS-1 / PGI-1 / JARA-FIT / JARA-HPC},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-1-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-1-20110106 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080009_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)080012_20140620$},
      pnm          = {141 - Controlling Electron Charge-Based Phenomena
                      (POF3-141)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-141},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29907043},
      UT           = {WOS:000435446400059},
      doi          = {10.1063/1.5037136},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/860473},
}