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@ARTICLE{Akulichev:860480,
      author       = {Akulichev, A. G. and Echtermeyer, A. T. and Persson, Bo},
      title        = {{I}nterfacial leakage of elastomer seals at low
                      temperatures},
      journal      = {International journal of pressure vessels and piping},
      volume       = {160},
      issn         = {0308-0161},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-01234},
      pages        = {14 - 23},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Interfacial leakage of air in hydrogenated nitrile
                      butadiene rubber (HNBR) O-ring seals exposed to sub-ambient
                      temperatures is studied. Flange-type fixtures with sealing
                      surfaces produced by 3 different surface finish processes
                      are used. When the seals are cooled down to temperatures
                      below the elastomer glass transition point of (−23 °C),
                      an abrupt increase of air leakage () is observed. The
                      effects of surface finish conditions, compression ratio,
                      grease lubrication and additions of carbon black in the HNBR
                      on the cold leakage are discussed. Persson's contact
                      mechanics and effective medium leakage theory coupled with
                      finite element analysis (FEA) of the HNBR seals are utilized
                      to capture the changes in the contact area and pressure with
                      cooling and predict the seal failure temperatures. The main
                      cause for the cold seal failures is believed to be the
                      detachment of the elastomer seals from their mating sealing
                      parts due to the elastomer thermal contraction and the
                      negligible recovery of the HNBR in cold environment. In
                      addition, the adhesive rubber-substrate interface influences
                      the detachment and seal failure.},
      cin          = {IAS-1 / PGI-1 / JARA-FIT / JARA-HPC},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-1-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-1-20110106 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080009_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)080012_20140620$},
      pnm          = {141 - Controlling Electron Charge-Based Phenomena
                      (POF3-141)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-141},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000425203600002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ijpvp.2017.11.014},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/860480},
}