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@PHDTHESIS{Latz:861105,
      author       = {Latz, Anne},
      title        = {{N}eural correlates of age-related changes in cognitive
                      action control},
      school       = {HHU Düsseldorf},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-01670},
      pages        = {87},
      year         = {2019},
      note         = {Dissertation, HHU Düsseldorf, 2019},
      abstract     = {Demographic change leads to an increasing interest in the
                      healthy aging of the brain. The latter has been associated
                      with changes in different domains of cognitive performance
                      across the lifespan, including an age-related deterioration
                      in various aspects of cognitive action control. Analyzing
                      processes of cognitive action control, bottom-up and
                      top-down subprocesses can be differentiated. In previous
                      studies of healthy aging both decreases and increases in
                      regional brain activity have been associated with the aging
                      brain, leading to multiple theories on age-specific neural
                      alterations and yielding a shift to a more integrative view
                      on brain changes over the life span, among others in the
                      context of dynamic processes of neuroplasticity. The neural
                      correlates of an age-related decline in successfully
                      exerting cognitive action control are to a large extent
                      still elusive. We investigated age-related changes of the
                      subprocesses of cognitive action control by employing the
                      spatial stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) task in a
                      functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of a
                      population-based sample (n=252, 18-85 years). The SRC task
                      comprises two conditions: under the compatible condition an
                      ipsilateral manual reaction to the presented stimulus is
                      required, whereas the incompatible condition necessitates a
                      contralateral reaction and thus especially triggers top-down
                      directed subprocesses of cognitive action control.
                      Task-related performance (reaction time and error rate) was
                      analyzed on a behavioral level and included in the analysis
                      of the imaging data. Age was included as a covariate. We
                      hypothesized that the influence of age on cognitive action
                      control could be shown on a behavioral and on a neural level
                      and that it is at least partially shared with
                      performance-related effects across the lifespan on the
                      neural level, potentially reflected by neural hyperactivity.
                      On a behavioral level, our findings corroborated an
                      age-related decline in cognitive action control. On a neural
                      level, we replicated the general SRC task network and
                      delineated neural correlates of bottom-up and top-down
                      processes. Within this network we found age-related
                      hyperactivity in bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS),
                      superior parietal lobule, cerebellum, right inferior frontal
                      gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), mid-cingulate
                      cortex and left anterior Insula (aIns) when dealing with
                      incompatibility-induced response conflicts. We suggest that
                      worse age-related performance is associated with both
                      bottom-up and top-down processes when dealing with the SRC
                      task. Based on our data, as hypothesized, age-related
                      decline in cognitive action control is reflected in regional
                      hyperactivity, rather than hypoactivity. We identified aIns,
                      DLPFC and IPS as key neural correlates. Increased activation
                      of left aIns potentially reflects the higher age-related
                      demand for control and task-set maintenance dealing with
                      incompatibility. Hyperactivity in right DLPFC might be a
                      correlate of successful inhibition processes when dealing
                      with the task. The integrational role of the IPS is
                      highlighted by its age- and performance-related
                      hyperactivity. Our findings may reflect difficulties in
                      overriding bottom-up driven spatial orientation and the
                      requirement for additional controlled processing steps
                      dealing with incompatibility, which become more likely with
                      age. We suggest a significant influence of age on cognitive
                      action control, which is on a neural level at least
                      partially shared with performance-related effects across
                      lifespan. Regional hyperactivity might be compensatory for
                      complementary network changes (esp. functional
                      connectivity). Our findings moreover support the idea of
                      neuroplasticity. Additionally, we identified a putative
                      age-related decline in the ability to integrate semantic
                      knowledge with current task demands that might contribute to
                      the observed age-related decline in performance.},
      cin          = {INM-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-7-20090406},
      pnm          = {571 - Connectivity and Activity (POF3-571)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-571},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/861105},
}