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@ARTICLE{Pluecker:861796,
      author       = {Pluecker, T. and Wegewijs, Maarten Rolf and Splettstoesser,
                      J.},
      title        = {{G}auge freedom in observables and {L}andsberg's
                      nonadiabatic geometric phase: {P}umping spectroscopy of
                      interacting open quantum systems},
      journal      = {Physical review / B},
      volume       = {95},
      number       = {15},
      issn         = {2469-9950},
      address      = {Woodbury, NY},
      publisher    = {Inst.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-02224},
      pages        = {155431},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {We set up a general density-operator approach to geometric
                      steady-state pumping through slowly driven open quantum
                      systems. This approach applies to strongly interacting
                      systems that are weakly coupled to multiple reservoirs at
                      high temperature, illustrated by an Anderson quantum dot.
                      Pumping gives rise to a nonadiabatic geometric phase that
                      can be described by a framework originally developed for
                      classical dissipative systems by Landsberg. This geometric
                      phase is accumulated by the transported observable (charge,
                      spin, energy) and not by the quantum state. It thus differs
                      radically from the adiabatic Berry-Simon phase, even when
                      generalizing it to mixed states, following Sarandy and
                      Lidar. As a key feature, our geometric formulation of
                      pumping stays close to a direct physical intuition (i) by
                      tying gauge transformations to calibration of the meter
                      registering the transported observable and (ii) by deriving
                      a geometric connection from a driving-frequency expansion of
                      the current. Furthermore, our approach provides a systematic
                      and efficient way to compute the geometric pumping of
                      various observables, including charge, spin, energy, and
                      heat. These insights seem to be generalizable beyond the
                      present paper's working assumptions (e.g., Born-Markov
                      limit) to more general open-system evolutions involving
                      memory and strong-coupling effects due to low-temperature
                      reservoirs as well. Our geometric curvature formula reveals
                      a general experimental scheme for performing geometric
                      transport spectroscopy that enhances standard nonlinear
                      spectroscopies based on measurements for static parameters.
                      We indicate measurement strategies for separating the useful
                      geometric pumping contribution to transport from
                      nongeometric effects. A large part of the paper is devoted
                      to an explicit comparison with the Sinitsyn-Nemenmann
                      full-counting-statistics (FCS) approach to geometric
                      pumping, restricting attention to the first moments of the
                      pumped observable. Covering all key aspects, gauge freedom,
                      pumping connection, curvature, and gap condition, we argue
                      that our approach is physically more transparent and,
                      importantly, simpler for practical calculations. In
                      particular, this comparison allows us to clarify how in the
                      FCS approach an “adiabatic” approximation leads to a
                      manifestly nonadiabatic result involving a finite
                      retardation time of the response to parameter driving.},
      cin          = {PGI-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-2-20110106},
      pnm          = {144 - Controlling Collective States (POF3-144)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-144},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000399796300008},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevB.95.155431},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/861796},
}