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@ARTICLE{Giroto:862301,
      author       = {Giroto, Amanda S. and Guimarães, Gelton G. and Colnago,
                      Luiz A. and Klamczynski, Artur and Glenn, Greg and Ribeiro,
                      Caue},
      title        = {{C}ontrolled release of nitrogen using urea-melamine-starch
                      composites},
      journal      = {Journal of cleaner production},
      volume       = {217},
      issn         = {0959-6526},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-02639},
      pages        = {448 - 455},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Herein we describe a new fertilizer delivery system made of
                      a thermoplastic starch composite used to control the release
                      of nitrogen in greenhouse trials. The innovative approach in
                      this work is to use a natural matrix to disperse the N
                      source using one extrusion processing step that is easily
                      scalable. The extrudate was formed into a continuous strand
                      using a rod die and was subsequently air-cooled and
                      pelletized. The extrusion process yielded homogeneous
                      pellets with high nitrogen content that could be applied
                      directly to the soil. Melamine changed the structure of
                      composites and increased the N final content of the
                      fertilizers. Soil incubation experiments showed a more
                      controlled N release by the matrix whereby the same
                      proportion of N from urea was achieved after 28 days.
                      Greenhouse trials revealed that melamine plays an important
                      role as a structure modifier, increasing the effective use
                      of available N from urea for maize in pot experiments. It
                      was also verified that the Nmelamine was not available
                      during the first 60 days of the trial experiment, showing
                      that the lower amount of nitrogen released (only from urea)
                      was better utilized by the plants treated with the composite
                      material. The pelletized composite could be a prospective
                      system for smart fertilization processing based on a
                      renewable source (e.g. starch).},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {330},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Electrolysis and Hydrogen (POF3-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000461410100044},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.275},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/862301},
}