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@ARTICLE{Das:862600,
      author       = {Das, Shibananda and Gompper, Gerhard and Winkler, Roland
                      G.},
      title        = {{L}ocal stress and pressure in an inhomogeneous system of
                      spherical active {B}rownian particles},
      journal      = {Scientific reports},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2045-2322},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-02869},
      pages        = {6608},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The stress of a fluid on a confining wall is given by the
                      mechanical wall forces, independent of the nature of the
                      fluid being passive or active. At thermal equilibrium, an
                      equation of state exists and stress is likewise obtained
                      from intrinsic bulk properties; even more, stress can be
                      calculated locally. Comparable local descriptions for active
                      systems require a particular consideration of active forces.
                      Here, we derive expressions for the stress exerted on a
                      local volume of a systems of spherical active Brownian
                      particles (ABPs). Using the virial theorem, we obtain two
                      identical stress expressions, a stress due to momentum flux
                      across a hypothetical plane, and a bulk stress inside of the
                      local volume. In the first case, we obtain an active
                      contribution to momentum transport in analogy to momentum
                      transport in an underdamped passive system, and we introduce
                      an active momentum. In the second case, a generally valid
                      expression for the swim stress is derived. By simulations,
                      we demonstrate that the local bulk stress is identical to
                      the wall stress of a confined system for both,
                      non-interacting ABPs as well as ABPs with excluded-volume
                      interactions. This underlines the existence of an equation
                      of state for a system of spherical ABPs. Most importantly,
                      our calculations demonstrated that active stress is not a
                      wall (boundary) effect, but is caused by momentum transport.
                      We demonstrate that the derived stress expression permits
                      the calculation of the local stress in inhomogeneous systems
                      of ABPs.},
      cin          = {IAS-2},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {551 - Functional Macromolecules and Complexes (POF3-551)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-551},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:31036857},
      UT           = {WOS:000466127100033},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41598-019-43077-x},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/862600},
}