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@ARTICLE{Vogel:862877,
      author       = {Vogel, Bärbel and Müller, Rolf and Günther, Gebhard and
                      Spang, Reinhold and Hanumanthu, Sreeharsha and Li, Dan and
                      Riese, Martin and Stiller, Gabriele P.},
      title        = {{L}agrangian simulations of the transport of young air
                      masses to the top of the {A}sian monsoon anticyclone and
                      into the tropical pipe},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {19},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-03064},
      pages        = {6007 - 6034},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {We have performed backward trajectory calculations and
                      simulations with the three-dimensional Chemical Lagrangian
                      Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for two succeeding monsoon
                      seasons using artificial tracers of air mass origin. With
                      these tracers we trace back the origin of young air masses
                      (age <6 months) at the top of the Asian monsoon
                      anticyclone and of air masses within the tropical pipe (6
                      months < age <18 months) during summer 2008. The
                      occurrence of young air masses (<6 months) at the top of the
                      Asian monsoon anticyclone up to ∼460 K is in agreement
                      with satellite measurements of chlorodifluoromethane
                      (HCFC-22) by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive
                      Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument. HCFC-22 can be
                      considered as a regional tracer for continental eastern Asia
                      and the Middle East as it is mainly emitted in this
                      region.Our findings show that the transport of air masses
                      from boundary layer sources in the region of the Asian
                      monsoon into the tropical pipe occurs in three distinct
                      steps. First, very fast uplift in “a convective range”
                      transports air masses up to 360 K potential temperature
                      within a few days. Second, air masses are uplifted from
                      about 360 K up to 460 K within “an upward spiralling
                      range” within a few months. The large-scale upward spiral
                      extends from northern Africa to the western Pacific. The air
                      masses are transported upwards by diabatic heating with a
                      rate of up to 1–1.5 K per day, implying strong vertical
                      transport above the Asian monsoon anticyclone. Third,
                      transport of air masses occurs within the tropical pipe up
                      to 550 K associated with the large-scale Brewer–Dobson
                      circulation within ∼1 year.In the upward spiralling range,
                      air masses are uplifted by diabatic heating across the
                      (lapse rate) tropopause, which does not act as a transport
                      barrier, in contrast to the extratropical tropopause.
                      Further, in the upward spiralling range air masses from
                      inside the Asian monsoon anticyclone are mixed with air
                      masses convectively uplifted outside the core of the Asian
                      monsoon anticyclone in the tropical adjacent regions.
                      Moreover, the vertical transport of air masses from the
                      Asian monsoon anticyclone into the tropical pipe is weak in
                      terms of transported air masses compared to the transport
                      from the monsoon anticyclone into the northern extratropical
                      lower stratosphere. Air masses from the Asian monsoon
                      anticyclone (India/China) contribute a minor fraction to the
                      composition of air within the tropical pipe at 550 K
                      $(6 \%),$ and the major fractions are from Southeast Asia
                      $(16 \%)$ and the tropical Pacific $(15 \%).$},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000467412800001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-19-6007-2019},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/862877},
}