000863235 001__ 863235 000863235 005__ 20210130001933.0 000863235 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1038/s41586-018-0624-y 000863235 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a0028-0836 000863235 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1476-4687 000863235 0247_ $$2pmid$$apmid:30356186 000863235 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:000448277800043 000863235 0247_ $$2altmetric$$aaltmetric:50438912 000863235 037__ $$aFZJ-2019-03325 000863235 041__ $$aEnglish 000863235 082__ $$a500 000863235 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAgostini, M.$$b0 000863235 245__ $$aComprehensive measurement of pp-chain solar neutrinos 000863235 260__ $$aLondon [u.a.]$$bNature Publ. Group$$c2018 000863235 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000863235 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000863235 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1605516979_27256 000863235 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000863235 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000863235 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000863235 520__ $$aAbout 99 per cent of solar energy is produced through sequences of nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen into helium, starting from the fusion of two protons (the pp chain). The neutrinos emitted by five of these reactions represent a unique probe of the Sun’s internal working and, at the same time, offer an intense natural neutrino beam for fundamental physics. Here we report a complete study of the pp chain. We measure the neutrino–electron elastic-scattering rates for neutrinos produced by four reactions of the chain: the initial proton–proton fusion, the electron-capture decay of beryllium-7, the three-body proton–electron–proton (pep) fusion, here measured with the highest precision so far achieved, and the boron-8 beta decay, measured with the lowest energy threshold. We also set a limit on the neutrino flux produced by the 3He–proton fusion (hep). These measurements provide a direct determination of the relative intensity of the two primary terminations of the pp chain (pp-I and pp-II) and an indication that the temperature profile in the Sun is more compatible with solar models that assume high surface metallicity. We also determine the survival probability of solar electron neutrinos at different energies, thus probing simultaneously and with high precision the neutrino flavour-conversion paradigm, both in vacuum and in matter-dominated regimes. 000863235 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF3-612$$a612 - Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory (POF3-612)$$cPOF3-612$$fPOF III$$x0 000863235 536__ $$0G:(DE-Juel1)jikp20_20180501$$aSolar and Geo-neutrino Analysis with Borexino (jikp20_20180501)$$cjikp20_20180501$$fSolar and Geo-neutrino Analysis with Borexino$$x1 000863235 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAltenmüller, K.$$b1 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAppel, S.$$b2 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAtroshchenko, V.$$b3 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)156420$$aBagdasarian, Zara$$b4$$ufzj 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBasilico, D.$$b5 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBellini, G.$$b6 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBenziger, J.$$b7 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBick, D.$$b8 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBonfini, G.$$b9 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBravo, D.$$b10 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCaccianiga, B.$$b11 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCalaprice, F.$$b12 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCaminata, A.$$b13 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCaprioli, S.$$b14 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCarlini, M.$$b15 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCavalcante, P.$$b16 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aChepurnov, A.$$b17 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aChoi, K.$$b18 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCollica, L.$$b19 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aD’Angelo, D.$$b20 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDavini, S.$$b21 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDerbin, A.$$b22 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDing, X. F.$$b23 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDi Ludovico, A.$$b24 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDi Noto, L.$$b25 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDrachnev, I.$$b26 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFomenko, K.$$b27 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFormozov, A.$$b28 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFranco, D.$$b29 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGabriele, F.$$b30 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGalbiati, C.$$b31 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGhiano, C.$$b32 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGiammarchi, M.$$b33 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGoretti, A.$$b34 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGromov, M.$$b35 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGuffanti, D.$$b36 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHagner, C.$$b37 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHoudy, T.$$b38 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHungerford, E.$$b39 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aIanni, Aldo$$b40 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aIanni, Andrea$$b41 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aJany, A.$$b42 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aJeschke, D.$$b43 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKobychev, V.$$b44 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKorablev, D.$$b45 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKorga, G.$$b46 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKryn, D.$$b47 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLaubenstein, M.$$b48 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLitvinovich, E.$$b49 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLombardi, F.$$b50 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLombardi, P.$$b51 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)168122$$aLudhova, Livia$$b52$$ufzj 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLukyanchenko, G.$$b53 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLukyanchenko, L.$$b54 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMachulin, I.$$b55 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aManuzio, G.$$b56 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMarcocci, S.$$b57 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMartyn, J.$$b58 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMeroni, E.$$b59 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMeyer, M.$$b60 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMiramonti, L.$$b61 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMisiaszek, M.$$b62 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMuratova, V.$$b63 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aNeumair, B.$$b64 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOberauer, L.$$b65 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOpitz, B.$$b66 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOrekhov, V.$$b67 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOrtica, F.$$b68 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPallavicini, M.$$b69 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPapp, L.$$b70 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)171602$$aPenek, Ömer$$b71$$ufzj 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPilipenko, N.$$b72 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPocar, A.$$b73 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPorcelli, A.$$b74 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRaikov, G.$$b75 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRanucci, G.$$b76 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRazeto, A.$$b77 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRe, A.$$b78 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)171322$$aRedchuk, Mariia$$b79$$ufzj 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRomani, A.$$b80 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRoncin, R.$$b81 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRossi, N.$$b82 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSchönert, S.$$b83 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSemenov, D.$$b84 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSkorokhvatov, M.$$b85 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSmirnov, O.$$b86 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSotnikov, A.$$b87 000863235 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aStokes, L. 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