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@ARTICLE{Kreter:863535,
      author       = {Kreter, A. and Nishijima, D. and Doerner, R. P. and
                      Freisinger, M. and Linsmeier, Ch. and Martynova, Y. and
                      Möller, S. and Rasinski, M. and Reinhart, M. and Terra, A.
                      and Torikai, Y. and Unterberg, B.},
      title        = {{I}nfluence of plasma impurities on the fuel retention in
                      tungsten},
      journal      = {Nuclear fusion},
      volume       = {59},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1741-4326},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-03574},
      pages        = {086029 -},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The retention of radioactive tritium in the reactor wall is
                      a safety issue and should be kept to a minimum. We
                      investigated the influence of helium, argon, neon and
                      nitrogen as plasma impurities on the deuterium retention in
                      tungsten in the linear plasma devices PSI-2 and PISCES-A.
                      Following mixed plasmas were produced: pure D,
                      D  +  He, D  +  Ar, D  +  Ne,
                      D  +  N and D  +  He  +  Ar, with
                      impurity fractions between $3\%$ and $10\%.$ Experiments
                      were performed at tungsten sample temperatures of 500 and
                      770 K. The incident ion energy was 70 eV, above the
                      tungsten sputtering threshold for argon and nitrogen, but
                      below it for deuterium and helium. For neon, in addition, it
                      was varied between 20 and 70 eV, below and above the
                      tungsten sputtering threshold, respectively. The admixture
                      of helium reduced the deuterium retention by a factor of
                      3–100, with a stronger reduction at a higher sample
                      temperature. In the D  +  He  +  Ar case the
                      retention was similar as for pure D. Argon sputtered the
                      near-surface helium nanobubble layer and thus overrode the
                      effect of helium. The effect of neon is sensitive to the
                      incident ion energy. Addition of nitrogen increased the
                      deuterium retention by a factor of ~10 and ~100 for 500 and
                      770 K, respectively. In general, the effect of impurities
                      on the deuterium retention appears to be sensitive to the
                      properties of the affected near-surface layer of tungsten.
                      Admixed species, i.e. helium, can form a layer with open
                      porosity, which serves as an additional release channel for
                      deuterium thus decreasing the retention. However, if the
                      process is dominated by sputtering, as for argon, such a
                      layer cannot be formed. The nitrogen enriched layer, in
                      contrast, serves as a desorption barrier for deuterium
                      increasing the retention.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000473496000001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/ab235d},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/863535},
}