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@ARTICLE{Kotzur:863565,
      author       = {Kotzur, Leander and Markewitz, Peter and Robinius, Martin
                      and Cardoso, Concalo and Stenzel, Peter and Heleno, Miguel
                      and Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{B}ottom-up energy supply optimization of a national
                      building stock},
      journal      = {Energy and buildings},
      volume       = {209},
      issn         = {0378-7788},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-03604},
      pages        = {109667 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {The installation and operation distributed energy resources
                      (DER) and the electrification of the heat supply
                      significantly changes the interaction of the residential
                      building stock with the grid infrastructure. Evaluating the
                      mass deployment of DER at the national level would require
                      analyzing millions of individual buildings, entailing
                      significant computational burden.To overcome this, this work
                      proposes a novel bottom-up model that consists of an
                      aggregation algorithm to create a spatially distributed set
                      of typical residential buildings from census data. Each
                      typical building is then optimized with a Mixed-Integer
                      Linear Program to derive its cost optimal technology
                      adoption and operation, determining its changing grid load
                      in future scenarios.The model is validated for Germany, with
                      200 typical buildings considered to sufficiently represent
                      the diversity of the residential building stock. In a future
                      scenario for 2050, photovoltaic and heat pumps are predicted
                      to be the most economically and ecologically robust supply
                      solutions for the different building types. Nevertheless,
                      their electricity generation and demand temporally do not
                      match, resulting in a doubling of the peak electricity grid
                      load in the rural areas during the winter. The urban areas
                      can compensate this with efficient co-generation units,
                      which are not cost-efficient in the rural areas.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Electrolysis and Hydrogen (POF3-134) / ES2050 -
                      Energie Sytem 2050 (ES2050)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-134 / G:(DE-HGF)ES2050},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000509819200027},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109667},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/863565},
}