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@ARTICLE{Sefidari:863658,
      author       = {Sefidari, H. and Wiinikka, H. and Lindblom, B. and Nordin,
                      L. O. and Wu, G. and Yazhenskikh, E. and Müller, Michael
                      and Ma, C. and Öhman, M.},
      title        = {{C}omparison of {H}igh-{R}ank {C}oals {W}ith {R}espect to
                      {S}lagging/{D}eposition {T}endency at the {T}ransfer-{C}hute
                      of {I}ron-{O}re{P}pelletizing {G}rate-{K}iln {P}lants: {A}
                      {P}ilot-{S}cale {E}xperimental {S}tudy {A}ccompanied by
                      {T}hermochemical {E}quilibrium {M}odeling and {V}iscosity
                      {E}stimations},
      journal      = {Fuel processing technology},
      volume       = {193},
      issn         = {0378-3820},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Science Direct},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-03664},
      pages        = {244 - 262},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Iron-ore pelletizing plants use high-rank coals to supply
                      the heat necessary to process ores. Ash material from coal,
                      in combination with iron-ore dust originating from the
                      disintegration of the pellets, can cause deposition/slagging
                      which often leads to severe production losses and damage.
                      Deposition/slagging is most prominent in the hot areas of
                      the grate-kiln setup and is more severe at the inlet of the
                      rotary-kiln, i.e., the transfer-chute. Following on from our
                      previous work, high-rank bituminous coals with potential for
                      use in the pelletizing process were combusted in a
                      pilot-scale (0.4 MW) pulverized-coal fired experimental
                      combustion furnace (ECF). The fly-ash particles and
                      short-term deposits were characterized to shed light on the
                      observed difference in slagging/deposition tendencies of the
                      coals. Global thermodynamic equilibrium modeling, in
                      combination with viscosity estimates, was used to interpret
                      the experimental findings and investigate the effect of the
                      coal-ash composition upon deposition/slagging. This approach
                      was carried out with and without the presence of Fe2O3-rich
                      pellet-dust under oxidizing conditions within the
                      temperature range at the transfer-chute of iron-ore
                      pelletizing rotary-kilns. Based on the findings, a
                      Qualitative Slagging Indicator (QSI) was proposed that can
                      help pre-screen new solid fuels for potential slagging
                      issues. The proposed QSI highlights the following: (1) an
                      inverse relationship between viscosity and
                      slagging/deposition tendency of the coals was observed (2)
                      as viscosity decreases (either with increasing temperature
                      or due to the change in the coal-ash composition), stronger
                      deposits will form that will complicate the mechanical
                      removal of the deposited layer. It was therefore inferred
                      that low viscosity molten phases facilitate
                      deposition/slagging, which is exacerbated by the presence of
                      fluxing agents (e.g., CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, and Fe2O3) in the
                      deposits. The low viscosity coal-ash-induced molten phases
                      are also more likely to interact with the Fe2O3-rich
                      pellet-dust that results in further decreases in viscosity,
                      thereby intensifying depositions. The results from this work
                      complement the on-going research by our group to elucidate
                      and alleviate ash-related problems in industrial grate
                      kilns.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000473842100026},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.05.026},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/863658},
}