% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@INPROCEEDINGS{Adrian:863709,
      author       = {Adrian, Juliane and Boltes, Maik and Sieben, Anna and
                      Seyfried, Armin},
      title        = {{I}nfluence of {C}orridor {W}idth and {M}otivation on
                      {P}edestrians in {B}ottlenecks},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-03713},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Understanding the behaviour of crowds is important in order
                      to draw up or to adapt safety regulations for buildings and
                      events. People confronted with spatial bottlenecks either
                      follow the social norm of queuing or they start pushing. The
                      latter leads to a high density of persons per square meter
                      which can result in fatalities. A typical bottleneck
                      situation, in which pushing might occur, is at the entrance
                      gates to concert areas or events. We present bottleneck
                      experiments investigating the influence of the width of a
                      corridor leading straight to an entrance gate (see Figure
                      1-Left for the experimental setup) on the behaviour of the
                      participants. Besides the corridor width, also the
                      motivation of the participants was varied. The basic idea
                      was that there might be a transition between a queuing and a
                      pushing behaviour influenced by corridor width and
                      motivation.Each group of participants performed two runs.
                      The situation they had to imagine was that they want to
                      enter the concert of their favourite band. In the first run,
                      the motivation was high which was communicated as follows:
                      Imagine that only the first persons who enter will have an
                      undisturbed view of the stage. The others cannot see the
                      stage directly. In the second run, the motivation was
                      reduced by the announcement that everyone will be able to
                      see the stage.The presented results are based on individual
                      trajectories that were extracted from overhead video
                      recordings. Those results include, e.g., density and waiting
                      time analysis. According to our findings, the density in
                      front of the entrance gate as well as the area in which high
                      densities are observed are generally increased by increasing
                      the corridor width (see Figure 1-Right). For most groups,
                      there is a density gap of ca. 3 – 4 people per square
                      meter between the run with high motivation (h0) and the
                      corresponding run with low motivation (h-). This does not
                      hold for a small number of participants. However, this gap
                      indicates the presence of two density stages. The low stage
                      suggests that the social norm of queuing dominates whereas
                      the high stage suggests that a pushing behaviour dominates
                      and the social norm of queuing is broken. Further results
                      are based on the ratio of active pushers to passive people
                      and on analysis of the initial velocity, the preferred
                      direction of movement and of the time-gap of persons
                      reaching the target within the entrance gate.},
      month         = {Jul},
      date          = {2019-07-02},
      organization  = {Traffic and Granular Flow 2019,
                       Pamplona (Spain), 2 Jul 2019 - 5 Jul
                       2019},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/863709},
}