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@ARTICLE{Klein:864233,
      author       = {Klein, Felix and Litnovsky, Andrey and Wegener, Tobias and
                      Tan, Xiaoyue and Gonzalez-Julian, Jesus and Rasinski, Marcin
                      and Schmitz, Janina and Linsmeier, Christian and Bram,
                      Martin and Coenen, Jan Willem},
      title        = {{S}ublimation of advanced tungsten alloys under {DEMO}
                      relevant accidental conditions},
      journal      = {Fusion engineering and design},
      volume       = {146},
      number       = {Part A},
      issn         = {0920-3796},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-04067},
      pages        = {1198-1202},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Tungsten (W) is deemed as the main candidate for the first
                      wall armor material of future fusion power plants such as
                      DEMO. Advantages of W include a high melting point, low
                      erosion yield, low tritium retention, and a high thermal
                      conductivity. One issue concerning W is the oxidation
                      resistance in case of a loss-of-coolant accident with
                      simultaneous air ingress. The major challenge in such a
                      scenario is to suppress the sublimation which is responsible
                      for a release of radioactivity. This work studies an alloy
                      containing tungsten (W), 12 weight $\%$ chromium (Cr), and
                      0.6 weight $\%$ yttrium (Y) in DEMO-relevant conditions: a
                      temperature in the range of 1100 K to 1473 K in humid
                      air. The sublimation rates are measured for the first time
                      in humid air. Tungsten oxide sublimates at a rate of
                      1.4 × 10−4 mg cm−2 s−1 at 1273 K in humid
                      air. At the same conditions the alloy suppresses sublimation
                      by more than one order of magnitude as compared to that of
                      pure W. This suppression is achieved due to the formation of
                      a protective chromium oxide layer on the surface of the
                      sample. Details about the protection mechanisms are
                      presented and discussed. Testing is performed for up to 10
                      days.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000488307400268},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.039},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/864233},
}