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@ARTICLE{Li:864346,
      author       = {Li, Zhen and Vanderborght, Jan and Smits, Kathleen M.},
      title        = {{E}valuation of {M}odel {C}oncepts to {D}escribe {W}ater
                      {T}ransport in {S}hallow {S}ubsurface {S}oil and {A}cross
                      the {S}oil–{A}ir {I}nterface},
      journal      = {Transport in porous media},
      volume       = {128},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1573-1634},
      address      = {Dordrecht [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-04142},
      pages        = {945 - 976},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Soil water evaporation plays a critical role in mass and
                      energy exchanges across the land–atmosphere interface.
                      Although much is known about this process, there is no
                      agreement on the best modeling approaches to determine soil
                      water evaporation due to the complexity of the numerical
                      modeling scenarios and lack of experimental data available
                      to validate such models. Existing studies show numerical and
                      experimental discrepancies in the evaporation behavior and
                      soil water distribution in soils at various scales, driving
                      us to revisit the key process representation in subsurface
                      soil. Therefore, the goal of this work is to test different
                      mathematical formulations used to estimate evaporation from
                      bare soils to critically evaluate the model formulations,
                      assumptions and surface boundary conditions. This comparison
                      required the development of three numerical models at the
                      REV scale that vary in their complexity in characterizing
                      water flow and evaporation, using the same modeling
                      platform. The performance of the models was evaluated by
                      comparing with experimental data generated from a soil
                      tank/boundary layer wind tunnel experimental apparatus
                      equipped with a sensor network to continuously monitor
                      water–temperature–humidity variables. A series of
                      experiments were performed in which the soil tank was packed
                      with different soil types. Results demonstrate that the
                      approaches vary in their ability to capture different stages
                      of evaporation and no one approach can be deemed most
                      appropriate for every scenario. When a proper top boundary
                      condition and space discretization are defined, the Richards
                      equation-based models (Richards model and Richards vapor
                      model) can generally capture the evaporation behaviors
                      across the entire range of soil saturations, comparing well
                      with the experimental data. The simulation results of the
                      non-equilibrium two-component two-phase model which
                      considers vapor transport as an independent process
                      generally agree well with the observations in terms of
                      evaporation behavior and soil water dynamics. Certain
                      differences in simulation results can be observed between
                      equilibrium and non-equilibrium approaches. Comparisons of
                      the models and the boundary layer formulations highlight the
                      need to revisit key assumptions that influence evaporation
                      behavior, highlighting the need to further understand water
                      and vapor transport processes in soil to improve model
                      accuracy},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000472521900007},
      doi          = {10.1007/s11242-018-1144-9},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/864346},
}