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@ARTICLE{Han:864355,
      author       = {Han, Cunbo and Brdar, Slavko and Raasch, Siegfried and
                      Kollet, Stefan},
      title        = {{L}arge‐eddy simulation of catchment‐scale circulation},
      journal      = {Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
      volume       = {145},
      number       = {720},
      issn         = {1477-870X},
      address      = {Weinheim [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-04151},
      pages        = {1218 - 1233},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The impact of soil moisture heterogeneity on the convective
                      boundary layer (CBL) development was studied. Based on
                      results from large‐eddy simulation (LES) applying soil
                      moisture patterns along a river corridor and idealized
                      atmospheric vertical profiles as initial conditions, this
                      study provides insight in the influence of spatial scale of
                      soil moisture heterogeneity on catchment‐scale
                      circulations (CCs) and the ensuing growth of the CBL. The
                      simulation results show that the intensity of organized
                      circulations resulting from soil moisture heterogeneity is
                      nonlinearly dependent upon soil moisture heterogeneity scale
                      λ (SMHS) and horizontal gradient. Because of the large SMHS
                      and strong soil moisture contrast, none of the simulations
                      has reached a true steady state even after 24 h of
                      simulation time. The intensity of organized circulations
                      shows a sigmoidal dependence on SMHS. The optimal SMHS for
                      horizontal transport is on the order of 19.2 km, while
                      optimal SMHS for vertical motions occurs at 2.4 km. In these
                      cases, the CCs also exert a strong influence on the
                      boundary‐layer structure and the entrainment layer. The
                      potential temperature is not constant with height due to a
                      weak mixing in the boundary layer for large SMHS cases.
                      Differences in sensible heat flux profiles between the
                      heterogeneous cases increase with increasing height and
                      reach a maximum at the top of the CBL. Interestingly,
                      boundary‐layer height changes strongly with changing
                      horizontal soil moisture gradient and SMHS while domain
                      means, variances, and amplitudes of land surface energy
                      fluxes are all almost identical. The entrainment flux and
                      subsidence at the top of the CBL are jointly responsible for
                      the CBL height variation.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000465414100020},
      doi          = {10.1002/qj.3491},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/864355},
}