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@ARTICLE{Werker:864593,
      author       = {Werker, Jasmin and Wulf, Christina and Zapp, Petra and
                      Schreiber, Andrea and Marx, Josefine},
      title        = {{S}ocial {LCA} for rare earth {N}d{F}e{B} permanent
                      magnets},
      journal      = {Sustainable production and consumption},
      volume       = {19},
      issn         = {2352-5509},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-04304},
      pages        = {257 - 269},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Rare earth permanent magnets are important components for
                      modern (energy) technologies and are employed to reduce GHG
                      emissions and combat climate change. The process of
                      extracting these minerals from the ore has contentious
                      economic, environmental and social implications. While the
                      environmental impacts of their production have already been
                      analyzed in several studies, the economic and the social
                      perspective is still under-researched. The Social Life Cycle
                      Assessment (S-LCA) approach employed in the present research
                      explores whether there is a difference in social risks for
                      rare earth permanent magnet production from three different
                      rare earth ore production locations and the associated value
                      chains. While one is located completely in China, another is
                      composed of processes in Australia and Malaysia. The third
                      process chain combines processes in the United States and
                      Japan. The Product Social Impact Life Cycle Assessment
                      (PSILCA) 2.0 database is used to assess the social
                      implications. The analysis focuses on value chain actors, a
                      stakeholder group of great interest to businesses but often
                      underrepresented in S-LCA research. The impact categories
                      describing this stakeholder group pertain to issues of
                      social responsibility along the value chain, fair
                      competition and corruption. Overall, the US value chain
                      indicates the lowest level of social risk along the supply
                      chain. However, in order to gain a deeper understanding of
                      the social risks a sectoral and geographical analysis is
                      conducted. Across all three cases, the mineral, fossil fuel
                      and chemical sectors are shown to be problematic.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000483411500022},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.spc.2019.07.006},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/864593},
}