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@ARTICLE{Wrana:864628,
      author       = {Wrana, Dominik and Cieślik, Karol and Belza, Wojciech and
                      Rodenbücher, Christian and Szot, Krzysztof and Krok,
                      Franciszek},
      title        = {{K}elvin probe force microscopy work function
                      characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under
                      ongoing reduction and oxidation},
      journal      = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology},
      volume       = {10},
      issn         = {2190-4286},
      address      = {Frankfurt, M.},
      publisher    = {Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen
                      Wissenschaften},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-04333},
      pages        = {1596 - 1607},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Controlling the work function of transition metal oxides is
                      of key importance with regard to future energy production
                      and storage. As the majority of applications involve the use
                      of heterostructures, the most suitable characterization
                      technique is Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), which
                      provides excellent energetic and lateral resolution. In this
                      paper, we demonstrate precise characterization of the work
                      function using the example of artificially formed
                      crystalline titanium monoxide (TiO) nanowires on strontium
                      titanate (SrTiO3) surfaces, providing a sharp atomic
                      interface. The measured value of 3.31(21) eV is the first
                      experimental work function evidence for a cubic TiO phase,
                      where significant variations among the different
                      crystallographic facets were also observed. Despite the
                      remarkable height of the TiO nanowires, KPFM was implemented
                      to achieve a high lateral resolution of 15 nm, which is
                      close to the topographical limit. In this study, we also
                      show the unique possibility of obtaining work function and
                      conductivity maps on the same area by combining noncontact
                      and contact modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM). As most
                      of the real applications require ambient operating
                      conditions, we have additionally checked the impact of air
                      venting on the work function of the TiO/SrTiO3(100)
                      heterostructure, proving that surface reoxidation occurs and
                      results in a work function increase of 0.9 eV and 0.6 eV for
                      SrTiO3 and TiO, respectively. Additionally, the influence of
                      adsorbed surface species was estimated to contribute 0.4 eV
                      and 0.2 eV to the work function of both structures. The
                      presented method employing KPFM and local conductivity AFM
                      for the characterization of the work function of transition
                      metal oxides may help in understanding the impact of
                      reduction and oxidation on electronic properties, which is
                      of high importance in the development of effective sensing
                      and catalytic devices.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:31467822},
      UT           = {WOS:000479270500001},
      doi          = {10.3762/bjnano.10.155},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/864628},
}