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000864734 1001_ $$00000-0002-4174-9531$$aHöpfner, Michael$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000864734 245__ $$aAmmonium nitrate particles formed in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during Asian monsoons
000864734 260__ $$aLondon$$bNature Publ. Group$$c2019
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000864734 520__ $$aThe rise of ammonia emissions in Asia is predicted to increase radiative cooling and air pollution by forming ammonium nitrate particles in the lower troposphere. There is, however, a severe lack of knowledge about ammonia and ammoniated aerosol particles in the upper troposphere and their possible effects on the formation of clouds. Here we employ satellite observations and high-altitude aircraft measurements, combined with atmospheric trajectory simulations and cloud-chamber experiments, to demonstrate the presence of ammonium nitrate particles and also track the source of the ammonia that forms into the particles. We found that during the Asian monsoon period, solid ammonium nitrate particles are surprisingly ubiquitous in the upper troposphere from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Western Pacific—even as early as in 1997. We show that this ammonium nitrate aerosol layer is fed by convection that transports large amounts of ammonia from surface sources into the upper troposphere. Impurities of ammonium sulfate allow the crystallization of ammonium nitrate even in the conditions, such as a high relative humidity, that prevail in the upper troposphere. Solid ammonium nitrate particles in the upper troposphere play a hitherto neglected role in ice cloud formation and aerosol indirect radiative forcing.
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000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129105$$aUngermann, Jörn$$b1
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBorrmann, Stephan$$b2
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWagner, Robert$$b3
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129154$$aSpang, Reinhold$$b4
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129145$$aRiese, Martin$$b5
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0003-2883-6873$$aStiller, Gabriele$$b6
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAppel, Oliver$$b7
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0002-3405-6593$$aBatenburg, Anneke M.$$b8
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0002-6251-9444$$aBucci, Silvia$$b9
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCairo, Francesco$$b10
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDragoneas, Antonis$$b11
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0003-2016-2800$$aFriedl-Vallon, Felix$$b12
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHünig, Andreas$$b13
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0002-9642-1955$$aJohansson, Sören$$b14
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)169740$$aKrasauskas, Lukas$$b15
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0002-3756-7794$$aLegras, Bernard$$b16
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0001-9693-7671$$aLeisner, Thomas$$b17
000864734 7001_ $$00000-0003-2606-1680$$aMahnke, Christoph$$b18
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMöhler, Ottmar$$b19
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMolleker, Sergej$$b20
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129138$$aMüller, Rolf$$b21
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)133921$$aNeubert, Tom$$b22
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOrphal, Johannes$$b23
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129143$$aPreusse, Peter$$b24
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRex, Markus$$b25
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSaathoff, Harald$$b26
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129158$$aStroh, Fred$$b27
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWeigel, Ralf$$b28
000864734 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWohltmann, Ingo$$b29
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