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@ARTICLE{Hpfner:864734,
      author       = {Höpfner, Michael and Ungermann, Jörn and Borrmann,
                      Stephan and Wagner, Robert and Spang, Reinhold and Riese,
                      Martin and Stiller, Gabriele and Appel, Oliver and
                      Batenburg, Anneke M. and Bucci, Silvia and Cairo, Francesco
                      and Dragoneas, Antonis and Friedl-Vallon, Felix and Hünig,
                      Andreas and Johansson, Sören and Krasauskas, Lukas and
                      Legras, Bernard and Leisner, Thomas and Mahnke, Christoph
                      and Möhler, Ottmar and Molleker, Sergej and Müller, Rolf
                      and Neubert, Tom and Orphal, Johannes and Preusse, Peter and
                      Rex, Markus and Saathoff, Harald and Stroh, Fred and Weigel,
                      Ralf and Wohltmann, Ingo},
      title        = {{A}mmonium nitrate particles formed in upper troposphere
                      from ground ammonia sources during {A}sian monsoons},
      journal      = {Nature geoscience},
      volume       = {12},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1752-0908},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Nature Publ. Group},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-04405},
      pages        = {608 - 612},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The rise of ammonia emissions in Asia is predicted to
                      increase radiative cooling and air pollution by forming
                      ammonium nitrate particles in the lower troposphere. There
                      is, however, a severe lack of knowledge about ammonia and
                      ammoniated aerosol particles in the upper troposphere and
                      their possible effects on the formation of clouds. Here we
                      employ satellite observations and high-altitude aircraft
                      measurements, combined with atmospheric trajectory
                      simulations and cloud-chamber experiments, to demonstrate
                      the presence of ammonium nitrate particles and also track
                      the source of the ammonia that forms into the particles. We
                      found that during the Asian monsoon period, solid ammonium
                      nitrate particles are surprisingly ubiquitous in the upper
                      troposphere from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Western
                      Pacific—even as early as in 1997. We show that this
                      ammonium nitrate aerosol layer is fed by convection that
                      transports large amounts of ammonia from surface sources
                      into the upper troposphere. Impurities of ammonium sulfate
                      allow the crystallization of ammonium nitrate even in the
                      conditions, such as a high relative humidity, that prevail
                      in the upper troposphere. Solid ammonium nitrate particles
                      in the upper troposphere play a hitherto neglected role in
                      ice cloud formation and aerosol indirect radiative forcing.},
      cin          = {IEK-7 / ZEA-2},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000477864200009},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41561-019-0385-8},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/864734},
}