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@ARTICLE{Ramkiran:865022,
      author       = {Ramkiran, Shukti and Heidemeyer, Larissa and Gaebler, Arnim
                      and Shah, N. J. and Neuner, Irene},
      title        = {{A}lterations in basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical
                      connectivity and whole brain functional network topology in
                      {T}ourette's syndrome},
      journal      = {NeuroImage: Clinical},
      volume       = {24},
      issn         = {2213-1582},
      address      = {[Amsterdam u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-04587},
      pages        = {101998 -},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder
                      characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics. Major
                      pathophysiological theories posit a dysfunction of the
                      cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits as being a
                      representative hallmark of the disease. Recent evidence
                      suggests a more widespread dysfunction of brain networks in
                      TS including the cerebellum and going even beyond classic
                      motor pathways.In order to characterize brain network
                      dysfunction in TS, in this study we investigated functional
                      and effective-like connectivity as well as topological
                      changes of basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical and
                      cortico-cerebellar brain networks. We collected
                      resting-state fMRI data from 28 TS patients (age:
                      32 ± 11 years) and 28 age-matched, healthy controls
                      (age: 31 ± 9 years). Region of interest based
                      (ROI-ROI) bivariate correlation and ROI-ROI bivariate
                      regression were employed as measures of functional and
                      effective-like connectivity, respectively. Graph theoretical
                      measures of centrality (degree, cost, betweenness
                      centrality), functional segregation (clustering coefficient,
                      local efficiency) and functional integration (average path
                      length, global efficiency) were used to assess topological
                      brain network changes.In this study, TS patients exhibited
                      increased basal ganglia-cortical and thalamo-cortical
                      connectivity, reduced cortico-cerebellar connectivity, and
                      an increase in parallel communication through the basal
                      ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum (increased global
                      efficiency). Additionally, we observed a reduction in serial
                      information transfer (reduction in average path length)
                      within the default mode and the salience network.In summary,
                      our findings show that TS is characterized by increased
                      connectivity and functional integration of multiple basal
                      ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits, suggesting a predominance
                      of excitatory neurotransmission and a lack of brain
                      maturation. Moreover, topological changes of
                      cortico-cerebellar and brain networks involved in
                      interoception may be underestimated neural correlates of
                      tics and the crucial premonitory urge feeling.},
      cin          = {INM-4 / INM-11 / JARA-BRAIN},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-4-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)INM-11-20170113 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080010_20140620$},
      pnm          = {573 - Neuroimaging (POF3-573)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-573},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:31518769},
      UT           = {WOS:000504663800008},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101998},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/865022},
}