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@ARTICLE{Zurek:865888,
      author       = {Zurek, Joanna and Margaritis, Nikolaos and Naumenko, Dmitry
                      and Menzler, Norbert H. and Quadakkers, Willem J.},
      title        = {{B}ehaviour of {M}etallic {M}aterials in {S}imulated
                      {S}ervice {E}nvironments of {CO}2/{H}2{O}
                      {C}o‑electrolysis {S}ystemsfor {P}ower‑to‑{X}
                      {A}pplication},
      journal      = {Oxidation of metals},
      volume       = {92},
      number       = {3-4},
      issn         = {0030-770X},
      address      = {Dordrecht [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05167},
      pages        = {353-377},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {In the present study, the ferritic steel Crofer 22 H as
                      potentially suitable interconnect material for SOEC stacks
                      as well as joints between the steel and Ni- and CuNi contact
                      materials was investigated with respect to the behaviour in
                      simulated service environments of an SOEC system for CO2/H2O
                      co-electrolysis. Exposures up to 1000 h at temperatures
                      between 600 and 800 °C were carried out in CO2/H2O- and
                      CO/H2-rich gases, thus simulating conditions at the stack
                      inlet and outlet, respectively. It was found that the steel
                      formed protective surface oxide scales consisting of chromia
                      and/or Cr/Mn spinel in all studied test conditions. No
                      indication of carbon transfer from the gas atmosphere into
                      the steel was found even in the high carbon activity
                      CO/H2-rich gas simulating stack outlet conditions. However,
                      in the latter gas substantial carbon transfer from the gas
                      to the steel via the Ni- or CuNi-wires resulted in the
                      formation of a carburized zone with substantial M23C6 and/or
                      M7C3 precipitate formation. This effect was more pronounced
                      for the joints of the steel with the Ni-wire than with the
                      CuNi-wire. In the gas simulating the service environment at
                      the stack inlet, only minor carbon transfer was found in
                      case of the Ni/steel joint at 600 °C but not at 800 °C. In
                      case of the CuNi-wires, partial loss of contact between wire
                      and interconnect steel and formation of Kirkendall voids as
                      a consequence of interdiffusion between wire and steel were
                      observed. The experimental results are discussed using
                      thermodynamic considerations involving gas equilibria and
                      stability of possible external and/or internal formation of
                      oxide and carbide phases.},
      cin          = {IEK-2 / ZEA-1 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-1-20090406 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Electrolysis and Hydrogen (POF3-134) / P2X -
                      Power-To-X (POWER-2-X-2016)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-134 / G:(DE-Juel1)POWER-2-X-2016},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000487923500012},
      doi          = {10.1007/s11085-019-09927-9},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/865888},
}