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@ARTICLE{Linke:865896,
      author       = {Linke, Jochen and Du, Juan and Loewenhoff, Thorsten and
                      Pintsuk, Gerald and Spilker, Benjamin and Steudel, Isabel
                      and Wirtz, Marius},
      title        = {{C}hallenges for {P}lasma-{F}acing {C}omponents in
                      {N}uclear {F}usion},
      journal      = {Matter and radiation at extremes},
      volume       = {4},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {2468-080X},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05173},
      pages        = {056201},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The interaction processes between the burning plasma and
                      the first wall in a fusion reactor are diverse: the first
                      wall will be exposed to extreme thermal loads of up to
                      several tens of megawatts per square meter during
                      quasistationary operation, combined with repeated intense
                      thermal shocks (with energy densities of up to several
                      megajoules per square meter and pulse durations on a
                      millisecond time scale). In addition to these thermal loads,
                      the wall will be subjected to bombardment by plasma ions and
                      neutral particles (D, T, and He) and by energetic neutrons
                      with energies up to 14 MeV. Hopefully, ITER will not only
                      demonstrate that thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and
                      tritium is feasible in magnetic confinement regimes; it will
                      also act as a first test device for plasma-facing materials
                      (PFMs) and plasma-facing components (PFCs) under realistic
                      synergistic loading scenarios that cover all the
                      above-mentioned load types. In the absence of an integrated
                      test device, material tests are being performed primarily in
                      specialized facilities that concentrate only on the most
                      essential material properties. New multipurpose test
                      facilities are now available that can also focus on more
                      complex loading scenarios and thus help to minimize the risk
                      of an unexpected material or component failure.
                      Thermonuclear fusion—both with magnetic and with inertial
                      confinement—is making great progress, and the goal of
                      scientific break-even will be reached soon. However, to
                      achieve that end, significant technical problems,
                      particularly in the field of high-temperature and
                      radiation-resistant materials, must be solved. With ITER,
                      the first nuclear reactor that burns a deuterium–tritium
                      plasma with a fusion power gain Q ≥ 10 will start
                      operation in the next decade. To guarantee safe operation of
                      this rather sophisticated fusion device, new PFMs and PFCs
                      that are qualified to withstand the harsh environments in
                      such a tokamak reactor have been developed and are now
                      entering the manufacturing stage},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000483877600001},
      doi          = {10.1063/1.5090100},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/865896},
}