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@ARTICLE{Loewenhoff:865897,
      author       = {Loewenhoff, Th. and Antusch, S. and Pintsuk, G. and Rieth,
                      M. and Wirtz, Marius},
      title        = {{H}igh {P}ulse {N}umbe {T}hermal {S}hock {T}esting of
                      {T}ungsten {A}lloys {P}roduced by {P}owder {I}njection
                      {M}olding},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {20},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05174},
      pages        = {100680},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The investigation of plasma facing materials (PFM)
                      subjected to a large number (≥10,000) of thermal shocks is
                      of interest to determine long term morphological changes
                      which might influence component lifetime in and plasma
                      performance of a fusion reactor. The electron beam facility
                      JUDITH 2 was used to simulate these conditions
                      experimentally. In this study eight different tungsten
                      grades produced by powder injection molding (PIM) were
                      investigated: Two pure tungsten grades, one with 2 $wt\%$
                      Y2O3, three with 1, 2 and 3 $wt\%$ TiC, and two with 0.5 and
                      1 $wt\%$ TaC. Samples of 10 × 10 × 4 mm³ were brazed to a
                      copper cooling structure and subjected to 105 thermal shocks
                      of 0.5 ms duration and an intensity of Labs = 0.55 GW/m²
                      (FHF = 12 MWs½/m2) at a base temperature of Tbase =
                      700 °C.The PIM grades showed damages in general
                      comparable with a sintered and forged pure tungsten
                      reference grade (>99.97 $wt\%$ W) that complies with the
                      ITER specifications. One exception was the 2 $wt\%$ TiC
                      doped material which failed early during the experiment by
                      delamination of a large part of the surface. The Y2O3 doped
                      material showed a comparatively good performance with
                      respect to crack width (<15 μm) and roughening (Ra =
                      0.75 μm), but showed melt droplets of ∼3–4 μm
                      diameter, while the 1 $wt\%$ TiC doped material showed wide
                      cracks (up to 50 μm) and strong roughening (Ra =
                      2.5 μm). The paper discusses the post-mortem analysis of
                      all grades, comparing them with respect to roughness (from
                      laser profilometry), crack network characteristics and local
                      melt droplet formation or other special morphological
                      features (from SEM images) as well as crack depth (from
                      metallographic cross sections).},
      cin          = {IEK-2 / IEK-4},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000500930800014},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2019.100680},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/865897},
}