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@ARTICLE{Rindt:865899,
      author       = {Rindt, P. and Mata González, J. and Hoogerhuis, P. and van
                      den Bosch, P. and van Maris, M. and Terentyev, D. and Yin,
                      C. and Wirtz, M. and Lopes Cardozo, N. J. and van Dommelen,
                      J. A. W. and Morgan, T. W.},
      title        = {{U}sing 3{D}-{P}rinted {T}ungsten to {O}ptimize {L}iquid
                      {M}etal {D}ivertor {T}argets for {F}low and {T}hermal
                      {S}tresses},
      journal      = {Nuclear fusion},
      volume       = {59},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1741-4326},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05176},
      pages        = {054001},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Liquid metal divertors aim to provide a more robust
                      alternative to conventional tungsten divertors. However,
                      they still require a solid substrate to confine the liquid
                      metal. This work proposes a novel design philosophy for
                      liquid metal divertor targets, which allows for a two orders
                      of magnitude reduction of thermal stresses compared to the
                      state-of-the-art monoblock designs. The main principle is
                      based on a 3D-printed tungsten structure, which has low
                      connectedness in the direction perpendicular to the thermal
                      gradient, and as a result also short length scales. This
                      allows for thermal expansion. Voids in the structure are
                      filled with liquid lithium which can conduct heat and reduce
                      the surface temperature via vapor shielding, further
                      suppressing thermal stresses. To demonstrate the
                      effectiveness of this design strategy, an existing liquid
                      metal concept is re-designed, fabricated, and tested on the
                      linear plasma device Magnum-PSI. The thermo-mechanical
                      finite element method analysis of the improved design
                      matches the temperature response during the experiments, and
                      indicates that thermal stresses are two orders of magnitude
                      lower than in the conventional monoblock designs. The
                      relaxation of the strength requirement allows for much
                      larger failure margins and consequently for many new design
                      possibilities.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000461425200001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/ab0a76},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/865899},
}