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@ARTICLE{Lopion:865930,
      author       = {Lopion, Peter and Markewitz, Peter and Stolten, Detlef and
                      Robinius, Martin},
      title        = {{C}ost {U}ncertainties in {E}nergy {S}ystem {O}ptimization
                      {M}odels: {A} {Q}uadratic {P}rogramming {A}pproach for
                      {A}voiding {P}enny {S}witching {E}ffects},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {12},
      number       = {20},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05207},
      pages        = {4006 -},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Designing the future energy supply in accordance with
                      ambitious climate change mitigation goals is a challenging
                      issue. Common tools for planning and calculating future
                      investments in renewable and sustainable technologies are
                      often linear energy system models based on cost
                      optimization. However, input data and the underlying
                      assumptions of future developments are subject to
                      uncertainties that negatively affect the robustness of
                      results. This paper introduces a quadratic programming
                      approach to modifying linear, bottom-up energy system
                      optimization models to take cost uncertainties into account.
                      This is accomplished by implementing specific investment
                      costs as a function of the installed capacity of each
                      technology. In contrast to established approaches such as
                      stochastic programming or Monte Carlo simulation, the
                      computation time of the quadratic programming approach is
                      only slightly higher than that of linear programming. The
                      model’s outcomes were found to show a wider range as well
                      as a more robust allocation of the considered technologies
                      than the linear model equivalent.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Electrolysis and Hydrogen (POF3-134) / ES2050 -
                      Energie Sytem 2050 (ES2050)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-134 / G:(DE-HGF)ES2050},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000498391700201},
      doi          = {10.3390/en12204006},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/865930},
}