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@ARTICLE{Haghani:866383,
      author       = {Haghani, Milad and Sarvi, Majid and Shahhoseini, Zahra and
                      Boltes, Maik},
      title        = {{D}ynamics of social groups’ decision-making in
                      evacuations},
      journal      = {Transportation research / C Emerging technologies Part C},
      volume       = {104},
      issn         = {0968-090X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05537},
      pages        = {135 - 157},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The possible presence of social groups amongst occupants in
                      indoor evacuation scenarios and the potential discrepancies
                      between their behaviour and that of single individuals have
                      been acknowledged in the evacuation dynamics literature.
                      Yet, empirical studies on the behavioural characteristics of
                      social-group evacuees, particularly those related to their
                      decision-making mechanism, are relatively underrepresented.
                      This study reports on a lab-in-the-field experiment of
                      evacuations that investigates the effect of group size and
                      stress level on multiple aspects of groups’ behaviour.
                      These aspects include pre-movement time, decision time (i.e.
                      time taken to reach a directional exit decision),
                      exit-choice behaviour, exit-choice changing and intra-group
                      decision dynamics. Our main findings showed that:(I) Group
                      size had a significant effect on pre-movement times and
                      decision times (and to lesser extent, on evacuation times).
                      People took longer to initiate their movement or to make a
                      directional exit decision when in groups compared to when
                      acting alone. The influence of group size on pre-movement
                      and decision times, however, was not monotonic. For smaller
                      group sizes (sizes 2 and 3), pre-movement and decision times
                      increased with the group size. But for the larger group size
                      (size 4), the effect was reversed.(II) The exit-choice
                      mechanism of groups, overall, showed a great degree of
                      similarity to that of single individuals. This suggests
                      that, from a modelling perspective, the directional exit
                      choices of groups could be approximated with the models
                      obtained from datasets of individually-made choices.(III)
                      Groups were more likely to revisit and change their initial
                      exit decisions under the higher level of stress. In
                      addition, social influence was a major factor in triggering
                      changes in the exit choices of groups. Nearly $50\%$ of the
                      changes in group decisions occurred shortly after another
                      neighbour group changed its exit decision. In other words,
                      instances of group decision-changing was often followed by
                      another group taking a similar action.(IV) As to the
                      within-group dynamics of decision-making, our analyses
                      suggested that, regardless of the group size, leadership was
                      the dominant group decision-making mechanism (compared to
                      the consensus or the conform-to-majority mechanisms). In
                      nearly $50\%$ of the cases, group decisions were made by one
                      individual taking the lead and hinting the direction of the
                      movement to other members of the group.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {380},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000474317700009},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.trc.2019.04.029},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866383},
}