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@ARTICLE{Lu:866667,
      author       = {Lu, Keding and Fuchs, Hendrik and Hofzumahaus, Andreas and
                      Tan, Zhaofeng and Wang, Haichao and Zhang, Lin and Schmitt,
                      Sebastian H. and Rohrer, Franz and Bohn, Birger and Broch,
                      Sebastian and Dong, Huabin and Gkatzelis, Georgios I. and
                      Hohaus, Thorsten and Holland, Frank and Li, Xin and Liu,
                      Ying and Liu, Yuhan and Ma, Xuefei and Novelli, Anna and
                      Schlag, Patrick and Shao, Min and Wu, Yusheng and Wu, Zhijun
                      and Zeng, Limin and Hu, Min and Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid and
                      Wahner, Andreas and Zhang, Yuanhang},
      title        = {{F}ast {P}hotochemistry in {W}intertime {H}aze:
                      {C}onsequences for {P}ollution {M}itigation {S}trategies},
      journal      = {Environmental science $\&$ technology},
      volume       = {53},
      number       = {18},
      issn         = {1520-5851},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05746},
      pages        = {10676 - 10684},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {In contrast to summer smog, the contribution of
                      photochemistry to the formation of winter haze in northern
                      mid-to-high latitude is generally assumed to be minor due to
                      reduced solar UV and water vapor concentrations. Our
                      comprehensive observations of atmospheric radicals and
                      relevant parameters during several haze events in winter
                      2016 Beijing, however, reveal surprisingly high hydroxyl
                      radical oxidation rates up to 15 ppbv/h, which is comparable
                      to the high values reported in summer photochemical smog and
                      is two to three times larger than those determined in
                      previous observations during winter in Birmingham (Heard et
                      al. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31, (18)), Tokyo (Kanaya et
                      al. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2007, 112, (D21)), and New York
                      (Ren et al. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 252–263). The active
                      photochemistry facilitates the production of secondary
                      pollutants. It is mainly initiated by the photolysis of
                      nitrous acid and ozonolysis of olefins and maintained by an
                      extremely efficiently radical cycling process driven by
                      nitric oxide. This boosted radical recycling generates fast
                      photochemical ozone production rates that are again
                      comparable to those during summer photochemical smog. The
                      formation of ozone, however, is currently masked by its
                      efficient chemical removal by nitrogen oxides contributing
                      to the high level of wintertime particles. The future
                      emission regulations, such as the reduction of nitrogen
                      oxide emissions, therefore are facing the challenge of
                      reducing haze and avoiding an increase in ozone pollution at
                      the same time. Efficient control strategies to mitigate
                      winter haze in Beijing may require measures similar as
                      implemented to avoid photochemical smog in summer.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:31418557},
      UT           = {WOS:000487163000017},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.est.9b02422},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866667},
}